Systems and methods for the data-driven and distributed interoperability between nodes to increase context and location awareness in a network of moving things, for example in a network of autonomous vehicles

ABSTRACT

Communication network architectures, systems and methods for supporting a network of mobile nodes. As a non-limiting example, various aspects of this disclosure provide autonomous vehicle network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable network of autonomous vehicles comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes, including for the data-driven and distributed interoperability between nodes to increase context and location awareness in a network of moving things, such as, for example, a network of autonomous vehicles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This patent application makes reference to, claims priority to, and claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/593,286, filed on Dec. 1, 2017, and titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR THE DATA-DRIVEN AND DISTRIBUTED INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN NODES TO INCREASE CONTEXT AND LOCATION AWARENESS IN NETWORK OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present application is related to: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/133,756, filed Apr. 20, 2016, and titled “Communication Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/132,867, filed Apr. 19, 2016, and titled “Integrated Communication Network for a Network of Moving things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/138,370, filed on Apr. 26, 2016, and titled, “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/157,887, filed on May 18, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/228,613, filed Aug. 4, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/213,269, filed Jul. 18, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/215,905, filed on Aug. 4, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/245,992, filed Aug. 24, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Shipping Management in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/337,856, filed Oct. 28, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/351,811, filed Nov. 15, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods to Extrapolate High-Value Data from a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/353,966, filed Nov. 17, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including a Network of Autonomous Vehicles;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/414,978, filed on Jan. 25, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Digital Advertising Campaigns in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/451,696, filed Mar. 7, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/428,085, filed on Feb. 8, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Vehicle OBD Data in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including Autonomous Vehicle Data;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/336,891, filed May 16, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicular Positioning Based on Message Round-Trip Times in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/350,814, filed Jun. 16, 2016, and titled “System and Methods for Managing Contains in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/360,592, filed Jul. 11, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicular Positioning Based on Wireless Fingerprinting Data in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/376,937, filed on Aug. 19, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods to Improve Multimedia Content Distribution in a Network of Moving things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/376,955, filed Aug. 19, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Reliable Software Update in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/377,350, filed Aug. 19, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Flexible Software Update in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/378,269, filed Aug. 23, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Flexible Software Update in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/415,196, filed Oct. 31, 2016, and titled “Systems and Method for Achieving Action Consensus Among a Set of Nodes in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/415,268, filed Oct. 31, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods to Deploy and Control a Node in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/417,705, filed Nov. 4, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for the User-Centric Calculation of the Service Quality of a Transportation Fleet in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/429,410, filed on Dec. 2, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Content Distribution for Fleets of Vehicles, Including for Example Autonomous Vehicles, By Using Smart Supply Stations;” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62,449,394, filed Jan. 23, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Utilizing Mobile Access Points as Fixed Access Points in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including Autonomous Vehicles;” the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Current communication networks are unable to adequately support communication environments involving mobile and static nodes. As a non-limiting example, current communication networks are unable to adequately support communication among and with autonomous vehicles of a network of autonomous vehicles. Limitations and disadvantages of conventional methods and systems will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such approaches with some aspects of the present methods and systems set forth in the remainder of this disclosure with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a metropolitan area network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates an example architecture of a system that may reside in an autonomous (AV) operating in a network of moving things, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating how the functional blocks of an AV system interact with one another during an example flow of information involving an AV system of an autonomous vehicle, a neighbor autonomous vehicle, a fixed access point, and a Cloud accessible via the Internet, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an example of a first type of area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of an example of a second type of area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of an example of a third type of area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example block diagram of a processing module for use in a vehicle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is an example flow diagram of overview of nodes in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of an example of replacing a node in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of an example of rearranging nodes in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of an example of determining an unsuitable node in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY

Various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for supporting a network of autonomous vehicles. As a non-limiting example, various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable network of autonomous vehicles comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things, autonomous vehicle networks, etc.). For example, a network of autonomous vehicles implemented in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may operate in one of a plurality of modalities comprising various fixed nodes, mobile nodes, and/or a combination thereof, which are selectable to achieve any of a variety of system goals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer to physical electronic components (i.e., hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory (e.g., a volatile or non-volatile memory device, a general computer-readable medium, etc.) may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code. Additionally, a circuit may comprise analog and/or digital circuitry. Such circuitry may, for example, operate on analog and/or digital signals. It should be understood that a circuit may be in a single device or chip, on a single motherboard, in a single chassis, in a plurality of enclosures at a single geographical location, in a plurality of enclosures distributed over a plurality of geographical locations, etc. Similarly, the term “module” may, for example, refer to a physical electronic components (i.e., hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware.

As utilized herein, circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled, or not enabled (e.g., by a user-configurable setting, factory setting or trim, etc.).

As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or.” As an example, “x and/or y” means any element of the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. That is, “x and/or y” means “one or both of x and y.” As another example, “x, y, and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. That is, “x, y, and/or z” means “one or more of x, y, and z.” As utilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example,” “exemplary,” and the like set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “includes,” “comprising,” “including,” “has,” “have,” “having,” and the like when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, for example, a first element, a first component, or a first section discussed below could be termed a second element, a second component, or a second section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. Similarly, various spatial terms, such as “upper,” “lower,” “side,” and the like, may be used in distinguishing one element from another element in a relative manner. It should be understood, however, that components may be oriented in different manners, for example an electronic device may be turned sideways so that its “top” surface is facing horizontally and its “side” surface is facing vertically, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

With the proliferation of the mobile and/or static things (e.g., devices, machines, people, etc.) and logistics for such things to become connected to each other (e.g., in the contexts of smart logistics, transportation, environmental sensing, etc.), a platform that is for example always-on, robust, scalable and secure that is capable of providing connectivity, services and Internet access to such things (or objects), anywhere and anytime is desirable. Efficient power utilization within the various components of such system is also desirable.

Accordingly, various aspects of the present disclosure provide a fully-operable, always-on, responsive, robust, scalable, secure platform/system/architecture to provide connectivity, services and Internet access to all mobile things and/or static things (e.g., devices, machines, people, access points, end user devices, sensors, etc.) anywhere and anytime, while operating in an energy-efficient manner.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide a platform that is flexibly configurable and adaptable to the various requirements, features, and needs of different environments, where each environment may be characterized by a respective level of mobility and density of mobile and/or static things, and the number and/or types of access to those things. Characteristics of various environments may, for example, include high mobility of nodes (e.g., causing contacts or connections to be volatile), high number of neighbors, high number of connected mobile users, mobile access points, availability of multiple networks and technologies (e.g., sometimes within a same area), etc. For example, the mode of operation of the platform may be flexibly adapted from environment to environment, based on each environment's respective requirements and needs, which may be different from other environments. Additionally for example, the platform may be flexibly optimized (e.g., at design/installation time and/or in real-time) for different purposes (e.g., to reduce the latency, increase throughput, reduce power consumption, load balance, increase reliability, make more robust with regard to failures or other disturbances, etc.), for example based on the content, service or data that the platform provides or handles within a particular environment.

Various example implementations of a platform, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, are capable of connecting different subsystems, even when various other subsystems that may normally be utilized are unavailable. For example, the platform may comprise various built-in redundancies and fail-recovery mechanisms. For example, the platform may comprise a self-healing capability, self-configuration capability, self-adaptation capability, etc. The protocols and functions of the platform may, for example, be prepared to be autonomously and smoothly configured and adapted to the requirements and features of different environments characterized by different levels of mobility and density of things (or objects), the number/types of access to those things. For example, various aspects of the platform may gather context parameters that can influence any or all decisions. Such parameters may, for example, be derived locally, gathered from a neighborhood, Fixed APs, the Cloud, etc. Various aspects of the platform may also, for example, ask for historical information to feed any of the decisions, where such information can be derived from historical data, from surveys, from simulators, etc. Various aspects of the platform may additionally, for example, probe or monitor decisions made throughout the network, for example to evaluate the network and/or the decisions themselves in real-time. Various aspects of the platform may further, for example, enforce the decisions in the network (e.g., after evaluating the probing results). Various aspects of the platform may, for example, establish thresholds to avoid any decision that is to be constantly or repeatedly performed without any significant advantage (e.g., technology change, certificate change, IP change, etc.). Various aspects of the platform may also, for example, learn locally (e.g., with the decisions performed) and dynamically update the decisions.

In addition to (or instead of) failure robustness, a platform may utilize multiple connections (or pathways) that exist between distinct sub-systems or elements within the same sub-system, to increase the robustness and/or load-balancing of the system.

The following discussion will present examples of the functionality performed by various example subsystems of the communication network. It should be understood that the example functionality discussed herein need not be performed by the particular example subsystem or by a single subsystem. For example, the subsystems present herein may interact with each other, and data or control services may be deployed either in a centralized way, or having their functionalities distributed among the different subsystems, for example leveraging the cooperation between the elements of each subsystem.

Various aspects of the present disclosure provide a communication network (e.g., a city-wide vehicular network, a shipping port-sized vehicular network, a campus-wide vehicular network, etc.) that utilizes vehicles (e.g., automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, forklifts, human-operated vehicles, autonomous and/or remote controlled vehicles, etc.) as Wi-Fi hotspots. Note that Wi-Fi is generally used throughout this discussion as an example, but the scope of various aspects of this disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, other wireless LAN technologies, PAN technologies, MAN technologies, etc., may be utilized. Such utilization may, for example, provide cost-effective ways to gather substantial amounts of urban data, and provide for the efficient offloading of traffic from congested cellular networks (or other networks). In controlled areas (e.g., ports, harbors, etc.) with many vehicles, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure may expand the wireless coverage of existing enterprise Wi-Fi networks, for example providing for real-time communication with vehicle drivers (e.g., human, computer-controlled, etc.) and other mobile employees without the need for SIM cards or cellular (or other network) data plans.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an affordable multi-network Mobile Access Point (or Mobile AP or MAP) is presented. Note that the Mobile AP may also be referred to herein as an on-board unit (OBU), etc. The Mobile AP may, for example, comprise a plurality of networking interfaces (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11p, 4G, Bluetooth, UWB, etc.). The Mobile AP may, for example, be readily installed in or on private and/or public vehicles (e.g., individual user vehicles, vehicles of private fleets, vehicles of public fleets, autonomous vehicles, etc.). The Mobile AP may, for example, be installed in transportation fleets, waste management fleets, law enforcement fleets, emergency services, road maintenance fleets, taxi fleets, aircraft fleets, etc. The Mobile AP may, for example, be installed in or on a vehicle or other structure with free mobility or relatively limited mobility. The Mobile AP may also, for example, be carried by a person or service animal, mounted to a bicycle, mounted to a moving machine in general, mounted to a container, etc.

The Mobile APs may, for example, operate to connect passing vehicles to the wired infrastructure of one or more network providers, telecom operators, etc. In accordance with the architecture, hardware, and software functionality discussed herein, vehicles and fleets can be connected not just to the cellular networks (or other wide area or metropolitan area networks, etc.) and existing Wi-Fi hotspots spread over a city or a controlled space, but also to other vehicles (e.g., utilizing multi-hop communications to a wired infrastructure, single or multi-hop peer-to-peer vehicle communication, etc.). The vehicles and/or fleets may, for example, form an overall mesh of communication links, for example including the Mobile APs and also Fixed Access Points (or Fixed APs or FAPs) connected to the wired or tethered infrastructure (e.g., a local infrastructure, etc.). Note that Fixed APs may also be referred to herein as Road Side Units (RSUs).

In an example implementation, the Mobile APs may communicate with the Fixed APs utilizing a relatively long-range protocol (e.g., 802.11p, etc.), and the Fixed APs may, in turn, be hard wired to the wired infrastructure (e.g., via cable, tethered optical link, etc.). Note that Fixed APs may also, or alternatively, be coupled to the infrastructure via wireless link (e.g., 802.11p, etc.). Additionally, clients or user devices may communicate with the Mobile APs using one or more relatively short-range protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, UWB, etc.). The Mobile APs, for example having a longer effective wireless communication range than typical Wi-Fi access points or other wireless LAN/PAN access points (e.g., at least for links such as those based on 802.11p, etc.), are capable of substantially greater coverage areas than typical Wi-Fi or other wireless LAN/PAN access points, and thus fewer Mobile APs are necessary to provide blanket coverage over a geographical area.

The Mobile AP may, for example, comprise a robust vehicular networking module (e.g., a connection manager) which builds on long-range communication protocol capability (e.g., 802.11p, etc.). For example, in addition to comprising 802.11p (or other long-range protocol) capability to communicate with Fixed APs, vehicles, and other nodes in the network, the Mobile AP may comprise a network interface (e.g., 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, any combination thereof, etc.) to provide wireless local area network (WLAN) connectivity to end user devices, sensors, fixed Wi-Fi access points, etc. For example, the Mobile AP may operate to provide in-vehicle Wi-Fi Internet access to users in and/or around the vehicle (e.g., a bus, train car, taxi cab, public works vehicle, etc.). The Mobile AP may further comprise one or more wireless backbone communication interfaces (e.g., cellular network interfaces, etc.). Though in various example scenarios, a cellular network interface (or other wireless backbone communication interface) might not be the preferred interface for various reasons (e.g., cost, power, bandwidth, etc.), the Mobile AP may utilize the cellular network interface to provide connectivity in geographical areas that are not presently supported by a Fixed AP, may utilize the cellular network interface to provide a fail-over communication link, may utilize the cellular network interface for emergency communications, may utilize the cellular network interface to subscribe to local infrastructure access, etc. The Mobile AP may also utilize the cellular network interface to allow the deployment of solutions that are dependent on the cellular network operators.

A Mobile AP, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, may for example comprise a smart connection manager that can select the best available wireless link(s) (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11p, cellular, vehicle mesh, etc.) with which to access the Internet. The Mobile AP may also, for example, provide geo-location capabilities (e.g., GPS, etc.), motion detection sensors to determine if the vehicle is in motion, and a power control subsystem (e.g., to ensure that the Mobile AP does not deplete the vehicle battery, etc.). The Mobile AP may, for example, comprise any or all of the sensors (e.g., environmental sensors, etc.) discussed herein.

The Mobile AP may, for example, comprise a connection and/or routing manager that operates to perform routing of communications in a vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure multi-hop communication. A mobility manager (or controller, MC) may, for example, ensure that communication sessions persist over one or more handoff(s) (also referred to herein as a “handover” or “handovers”) (e.g., between different Mobile APs, Fixed APs, base stations, hot spots, etc.), among different technologies (e.g., 802.11p, cellular, Wi-Fi, satellite, etc.), among different MCs (e.g., in a fail-over scenario, load redistribution scenario, etc.), across different interfaces (or ports), etc. Note that the MC may also be referred to herein as a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA), a Network Controller, etc. Note that the MC, or a plurality thereof, may for example be implemented as part of the backbone, but may also, or alternatively, be implemented as part of any of a variety of components or combinations thereof. For example, the MC may be implemented in a Fixed AP (or distributed system thereof), as part of a Mobile AP (or a distributed system thereof), etc.

For example, an example implementation may operate to turn each vehicle (e.g., both public and private taxis, buses, trucks, autonomous vehicles, etc.) into a Mobile AP (e.g., a mobile Wi-Fi hotspot), offering Internet access to employees, passengers and mobile users travelling in the city, waiting in bus stops, sitting in parks, etc. Moreover, through an example vehicular mesh network formed between vehicles and/or fleets of vehicles, an implementation may be operable to offload cellular traffic through the mobile Wi-Fi hotspots and/or Fixed APs (e.g., 802.11p-based APs) spread over the city and connected to the wired infrastructure of public or private telecom operators in strategic places, while ensuring the widest possible coverage at the lowest possible cost.

An example implementation (e.g., of a communication network and/or components thereof) may, for example, be operable as a massive urban scanner that gathers large amounts of data (e.g., continuously) on-the-move, actionable or not, generated by a myriad of sources spanning from the in-vehicle sensors or On Board Diagnostic System port (e.g., OBD2, etc.), interface with an autonomous vehicle driving system, external Wi-Fi/Bluetooth-enabled sensing units spread over the city, devices of vehicles' drivers and passengers (e.g., information characterizing such devices and/or passengers, etc.), positioning system devices (e.g., position information, velocity information, trajectory information, travel history information, etc.), etc.

In an example scenario in which public buses are moving along city routes and/or taxis are performing their private transportation services, the Mobile AP is able to collect large quantities of real-time data from the positioning systems (e.g., GPS, etc.), from accelerometer modules, etc. The Mobile AP may then, for example, communicate such data (e.g., raw data, processed data, etc.) to the Cloud, where the data may be processed, reported and viewed, for example to support such public or private bus and/or taxi operations, for example supporting efficient remote monitoring and scheduling of buses and taxis, respectively.

A Mobile AP may, for example, be operable to communicate with any of a variety of Wi-Fi-enabled sensor devices equipped with a heterogeneous collection of environmental sensors. Such sensors may, for example, comprise noise sensors (microphones, etc.), gas sensors (e.g., sensing CO, NO₂, O₃, volatile organic compounds (or VOCs), CO₂, etc.), smoke sensors, pollution sensors, meteorological sensors (e.g., sensing temperature, humidity, luminosity, particles, solar radiation, wind speed (e.g., anemometer), wind direction, rain (e.g., a pluviometer), optical scanners, biometric scanners, cameras, microphones, etc.). Such sensors may also comprise sensors associated with users (e.g., vehicle operators or passengers, passersby, etc.) and/or their personal devices (e.g., smart phones or watches, biometrics sensors, wearable sensors, implanted sensors, etc.). Such sensors may, for example, comprise sensors and/or systems associated with on-board diagnostic (OBD) units for vehicles, autonomous vehicle driving systems, etc. Such sensors may, for example, comprise positioning sensors (e.g., GPS sensors, Galileo sensors, GLONASS sensors, etc.). Note that such positioning sensors may be part of a vehicle's operational system (e.g., a local human-controlled vehicle, an autonomous vehicle, a remote human-controlled vehicle, etc.) Such sensors may, for example, comprise container sensors (e.g., garbage can sensors, shipping container sensors, container environmental sensors, container tracking sensors, etc.).

Once a vehicle enters the vicinity of such a sensor device, a wireless link may be established, so that the vehicle (or Mobile AP or OBU thereof) can collect sensor data from the sensor device and upload the collected data to a database in the Cloud. The appropriate action can then be taken. In an example waste management implementation, several waste management (or collection) trucks may be equipped with Mobile APs that are able to periodically communicate with sensors installed on containers in order to gather information about waste level, time passed since last collection, etc. Such information may then sent to the Cloud (e.g., to a waste management application coupled to the Internet, etc.) through the vehicular mesh network, in order to improve the scheduling and/or routing of waste management trucks. Note that various sensors may always be in range of the Mobile AP (e.g., vehicle-mounted sensors). Note that the sensor may also (or alternatively) be mobile (e.g., a sensor mounted to another vehicle passing by a Mobile AP or Fixed AP, a drone-mounted sensor, a pedestrian-mounted sensor, etc.).

For example, in an example port and/or harbor implementation, by gathering real-time information on the position, speed, fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions of the vehicles, the communication network allows a port operator to improve the coordination of the ship loading processes and increase the throughput of the harbor. Also for example, the communication network enables remote monitoring of drivers' behaviors, behaviors of autonomous vehicles and/or control systems thereof, trucks' positions and engines' status, and then be able to provide real-time notifications to drivers (e.g., to turn on/off the engine, follow the right route inside the harbor, take a break, etc.), for example human drivers and/or automated vehicle driving systems, thus reducing the number and duration of the harbor services and trips. Harbor authorities may, for example, quickly detect malfunctioning trucks and abnormal trucks' circulation, thus avoiding accidents in order to increase harbor efficiency, security, and safety. Additionally, the vehicles can also connect to Wi-Fi access points from harbor local operators, and provide Wi-Fi Internet access to vehicles' occupants and surrounding harbor employees, for example allowing pilots to save time by filing reports via the Internet while still on the water.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a communication network 100, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. Any or all of the functionality discussed herein may be performed by any or all of the example components of the example network 100. Also, the example network 100 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600, discussed herein.

The example network 100, for example, comprises a Cloud that may, for example comprise any of a variety of network level components. The Cloud may, for example, comprise any of a variety of server systems executing applications that monitor and/or control components of the network 100. Such applications may also, for example, manage the collection of information from any of a large array of networked information sources, many examples of which are discussed herein. The Cloud (or a portion thereof) may also be referred to, at times, as an API. For example, Cloud (or a portion thereof) may provide one or more application programming interfaces (APIs) which other devices may use for communicating/interacting with the Cloud.

An example component of the Cloud may, for example, manage interoperability with various multi-Cloud systems and architectures. Another example component (e.g., a Cloud service component) may, for example, provide various Cloud services (e.g., captive portal services, authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services, API Gateway services, etc.). An additional example component (e.g., a DevCenter component) may, for example, provide network monitoring and/or management functionality, manage the implementation of software updates, etc. A further example component of the Cloud may manage data storage, data analytics, data access, etc. A still further example component of the Cloud may include any of a variety of third-partly applications and services.

The Cloud may, for example, be coupled to the Backbone/Core Infrastructure of the example network 100 via the Internet (e.g., utilizing one or more Internet Service Providers). Though the Internet is provided by example, it should be understood that scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

The Backbone/Core may, for example, comprise any one or more different communication infrastructure components. For example, one or more providers may provide backbone networks or various components thereof. As shown in the example network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1, a Backbone provider may provide wireline access (e.g., PSTN, fiber, cable, etc.). Also for example, a Backbone provider may provide wireless access (e.g., Microwave, LTE/Cellular, 5G/TV Spectrum, etc.).

The Backbone/Core may also, for example, comprise one or more Local Infrastructure Providers. The Backbone/Core may also, for example, comprise a private infrastructure (e.g., run by the network 100 implementer, owner, etc.). The Backbone/Core may, for example, provide any of a variety of Backbone Services (e.g., AAA, Mobility, Monitoring, Addressing, Routing, Content services, Gateway Control services, etc.).

The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may, for example, support different modes of operation (e.g., L2 in port implementations, L3 in on-land public transportation implementations, utilizing any one or more of a plurality of different layers of digital IP networking, any combinations thereof, equivalents thereof, etc.) or addressing pools. The Backbone/Core may also for example, be agnostic to the Cloud provider(s) and/or Internet Service Provider(s). Additionally for example, the Backbone/Core may be agnostic to requests coming from any or all subsystems or notes of the network 100. The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may, for example, comprise the ability to utilize and/or interface with different data storage/processing systems (e.g., MongoDB, MySql, Redis, etc.).

The example network 100 may also, for example, comprise a Fixed Hotspot Access Network. Various example characteristics of such a Fixed Hotspot Access Network 200 are shown at FIG. 2. The example network 200 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 300, 400, 500, and 600, discussed herein.

In the example network 200, the Fixed APs (e.g., the proprietary APs, the public third party APs, the private third party APs, etc.) may be directly connected to the local infrastructure provider and/or to the wireline/wireless backbone. Also for example, the example network 200 may comprise a mesh between the various APs via wireless technologies. Note, however, that various wired technologies may also be utilized depending on the implementation. As shown, different fixed hotspot access networks can be connected to a same backbone provider, but may also be connected to different respective backbone providers. In an example implementation utilizing wireless technology for backbone access, such an implementation may be relatively fault tolerant. For example, a Fixed AP may utilize wireless communications to the backbone network (e.g., cellular, 3G, LTE, other wide or metropolitan area networks, etc.) if the backhaul infrastructure is down.

In the example network 200, the same Fixed AP can simultaneously provide access to multiple Fixed APs, Mobile APs (e.g., vehicle OBUs, etc.), devices, user devices, sensors, things, etc. For example, a plurality of mobile hotspot access networks (e.g., MAP-based networks, etc.) may utilize the same Fixed AP. Also for example, the same Fixed AP can provide a plurality of simultaneous accesses to another single unit (e.g., another Fixed AP, Mobile AP, device, etc.), for example utilizing different channels, different radios, etc.). Note that a plurality of Fixed APs may be utilized for fault-tolerance/fail-recovery purposes.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the example Fixed Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment. Also, the example Fixed Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wired communication link to one or more Backbone Providers, to the Mobile Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment. The Environment may comprise any of a variety of devices (e.g., in-vehicle networks, devices, and sensors; autonomous vehicle networks, devices, and sensors; maritime (or watercraft) and port networks, devices, and sensors; general controlled-space networks, devices, and sensors; residential networks, devices, and sensors; disaster recovery & emergency networks, devices, and sensors; military and aircraft networks, devices, and sensors; smart city networks, devices, and sensors; event (or venue) networks, devices, and sensors; underwater and underground networks, devices, and sensors; agricultural networks, devices, and sensors; tunnel (auto, subway, train, etc.) networks, devices, and sensors; parking networks, devices, and sensors; security and surveillance networks, devices, and sensors; shipping equipment and container networks, devices, and sensors; environmental control or monitoring networks, devices, and sensors; municipal networks, devices, and sensors; waste management networks, devices, and sensors, road maintenance networks, devices, and sensors, traffic management networks, devices, and sensors; advertising networks, devices and sensors; etc.).

The example network 100 of FIG. 1 also comprises a Mobile Hotspot Access Network. Various example characteristics of such a Mobile Hotspot Access Network 300 are shown at FIG. 3. Note that various fixed network components (e.g., Fixed APs) are also illustrated. The example network 300 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 400, 500, and 600, discussed herein.

The example network 300 comprises a wide variety of Mobile APs (or hotspots) that provide access to user devices, provide for sensor data collection, provide multi-hop connectivity to other Mobile APs, etc. For example, the example network 300 comprises vehicles from different fleets (e.g., aerial, terrestrial, underground, (under)water, etc.). For example, the example network 300 comprises one or more mass distribution/transportation fleets, one or more mass passenger transportation fleets, private/public shared-user fleets, private vehicles, urban and municipal fleets, maintenance fleets, drones, watercraft (e.g., boats, ships, speedboats, tugboats, barges, etc.), emergency fleets (e.g., police, ambulance, firefighter, etc.), etc.

The example network 300, for example, shows vehicles from different fleets directly connected and/or mesh connected, for example using same or different communication technologies. The example network 300 also shows fleets simultaneously connected to different Fixed APs, which may or may not belong to different respective local infrastructure providers. As a fault-tolerance mechanism, the example network 300 may for example comprise the utilization of long-range wireless communication network (e.g., cellular, 3G, 4G, LTE, etc.) in vehicles if the local network infrastructure is down or otherwise unavailable. A same vehicle (e.g., Mobile AP or OBU thereof) can simultaneously provide access to multiple vehicles, devices, things, etc., for example using a same communication technology (e.g., shared channels and/or different respective channels thereof) and/or using a different respective communication technology for each. Also for example, a same vehicle can provide multiple accesses to another vehicle, device, thing, etc., for example using a same communication technology (e.g., shared channels and/or different respective channels thereof, and/or using a different communication technology).

Additionally, multiple network elements may be connected together to provide for fault-tolerance or fail recovery, increased throughput, or to achieve any or a variety of a client's networking needs, many of examples of which are provided herein. For example, two Mobile APs (or OBUs) may be installed in a same vehicle, etc.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the example Mobile Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment (e.g., to any one of more of the sensors or systems discussed herein, any other device or machine, etc.). Though the Mobile Hotspot Access Network is not shown having a wired link to the various other components, there may (at least at times) be such a wired link, at least temporarily.

The example network 100 of FIG. 1 also comprises a set of End-User Devices. Various example end user devices are shown at FIG. 4. Note that various other network components (e.g., Fixed Hotspot Access Networks, Mobile Hotspot Access Network(s), the Backbone/Core, etc.) are also illustrated. The example network 400 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 300, 500, and 600, discussed herein.

The example network 400 shows various mobile networked devices. Such network devices may comprise end-user devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, laptop computers, webcams, personal gaming devices, personal navigation devices, personal media devices, personal cameras, health-monitoring devices, personal location devices, monitoring panels, printers, etc.). Such networked devices may also comprise any of a variety of devices operating in the general environment, where such devices might not for example be associated with a particular user (e.g. any or all of the sensor devices discussed herein, vehicle sensors, municipal sensors, fleet sensors road sensors, environmental sensors, security sensors, traffic sensors, waste sensors, meteorological sensors, any of a variety of different types of municipal or enterprise equipment, etc.). Any of such networked devices can be flexibly connected to distinct backbone, fixed hotspot access networks, mobile hotspot access networks, etc., using the same or different wired/wireless technologies.

A mobile device may, for example, operate as an AP to provide simultaneous access to multiple devices/things, which may then form ad hoc networks. Devices (e.g., any or all of the devices or network nodes discussed herein) may, for example, have redundant technologies to access distinct backbone, fixed hotspot, and/or mobile hotspot access networks, for example for fault-tolerance and/or load-balancing purposes (e.g., utilizing multiple SIM cards, etc.). A device may also, for example, simultaneously access distinct backbone, fixed hotspot access networks, and/or mobile hotspot access networks, belonging to the same provider or to different respective providers. Additionally for example, a device can provide multiple accesses to another device/thing (e.g., via different channels, radios, etc.).

Referring back to FIG. 1, the example End-User Devices are shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, and to the Environment. Also for example, the example End-User Devices are shown with a wired communication link to a backbone provider, to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, and to the Environment.

People have always communicated with one another, beginning with physical and oral communication, and progressing to forms of written communication conveyed using physical and wired or wireless electronic means. As human desires for mobility have grown, various vehicles have been developed, and electronic forms of communication have allowed individuals to maintain contact with one another while traveling using those vehicles. Support for various electronic forms of communication has become an integral part of the vehicles in use, to enable vehicle operation and communication by vehicle occupants. The various electronic forms of communication are now integrated into the infrastructure of our vehicles, and the advantages of electronically interconnecting systems and occupants of neighboring vehicles using forms of wireless communication are increasingly being realized, enabling safety and comfort improvements for their users.

The Connected Vehicle (CV) concept leverages the ability of vehicles to electronically communicate with one another, and with networks such as the Internet. CV technologies enable vehicle systems to provide useful context-aware information to a vehicle and to the vehicle operator (e.g., driver) or occupants, allowing the operator to make more informed, safer, energy-efficient, and better decisions. CV technologies also enable the vehicles to communicate terabytes of data between the physical world and Cloud-based systems. Such data may then feed the operational flows of, for example, transportation agencies, municipalities, and/or vehicle fleet owners, allowing such entities to enhance the knowledge they have about the environment and conditions in which their vehicles operate, and to benefit from having historical data and actionable insights to better plan, allocate, and manage their operations and logistics, making them smarter, safer, cost-effective, and productive.

However, a CV cannot make any choices for the operator, and cannot navigate and control the vehicle independently. Such actions are only possible in vehicles referred to herein as Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), which are computer-navigated vehicles that include autonomous functionalities including, by way of example and not limitation, the ability to self-park the vehicle, the ability to control and navigate the vehicle (e.g., start, stop, steer, etc.), and automatic collision avoidance features. At first glance, AVs do not need CV technologies to operate, since such vehicles are able to independently navigate the road network. Nevertheless, CV technologies enable the communication of real-time information about, for example, vehicle traffic, environmental conditions, unexpected events, and all kinds of context information that characterizes the roads on which the AVs are travelling. With such information, AVs are equipped to make optimized decisions in-advance of encountering situations such as, for example, congested travel routes, accidents or other obstacles along the road, etc. Also, CV technologies enable AVs to maintain updated software/firmware and any data sets relied upon by the AV (e.g., road maps).

The self-driving capability of AVs may facilitate and foster the use of shared vehicles, enabling rental services of public vehicles (e.g., fleets of taxis or buses) to substitute for personal vehicle ownership. Shared AVs may work better in dense urban areas, but there may also be residential/household AVs serving multiple clients in the same geographic region. The full-potential of the shared AV concept may, for example, result from combining the power of allowing the same vehicle to be used by multiple individuals (referred to herein as “vehicle sharing”) that may result in reduced parking costs, and from optimizing each vehicle trip to serve the purposes of multiple passengers (referred to herein as “ride sharing”) that may reduce road congestion. The use of shared AVs may increase the capacity utilization rate of vehicles and may result in additional vehicle travel, which may include vehicle travel involved in the return to the origin of a trip, particularly in situations involving low-density suburban and rural areas.

Despite all the aforementioned benefits, the use of shared AVs without personal ownership is likely to involve more frequent cleaning and repairs, and may have more sophisticated construction and electronic surveillance requirements to minimize vandalism risks. These aspects may reduce the comfort and privacy of passengers. Moreover, many private individuals that drive very frequently may continue to prefer to have their own vehicles, in order to show their own personal style, guide tourists, assist passengers to safely reach their destinations, carry their own luggage, etc.

In a future of autonomous and shared vehicles, the potential for much higher vehicle utilization may be seen as an opportunity for electric vehicles (EVs) to take the market by storm, which will increase the use of renewable and clean energy sources and reduce air pollution and CO₂ emissions. Massive market penetration of EVs may be made possible with the deployment of a scalable and connected infrastructure to, for example, enable the monitoring of charging status of EV batteries, allow vehicle manufacturers to remotely monitor the deployment of new battery technologies, support automated reservation and billing at charging stations, and permit remote control of charging schedules. Based on those connectivity and technological needs, and looking to the demands of AVs, one may conclude that a connected vehicle infrastructure that enables the shared AV concept is the strongest and ideal candidate to also empower the EV concept.

When one considers that the fleets of public vehicles we have today may operate as Fleets of Autonomous Vehicles that are Electric and Shared (FAVES), we may then consider the potential impact such FAVES may have on, for example, the planning, design, and user behavior of cities and roads; user urban travel and mobility; the transformation of people's lives; employment; and automotive industry planning and production.

The concept of FAVES, in accordance with the various aspects disclosed herein, offer a number of benefits. Such benefits include, for example, smart transportation that coordinates operations and rides to reduce the number of vehicles and avoid congestion on the roads and competition for parking spaces, providing for high-quality and highly efficient transportation and improved user mobility. The use of FAVES according to the present disclosure enables improvements in city infrastructure planning, since cities may change the way the city provides access, enabling the re-design, elimination, and/or reduction in the capacity of garages, parking lots, and roads. The use of FAVES as described herein allows an improved urban quality of life, where cities may be differentiated in terms of the mobility services they support, making the urban living more attractive. Such FAVES provide increased mobility and may provide access to mobility services in empty backhauls, and in rural, less-developed areas. The use of such FAVES allows users to experience enjoyable and convenient travel, where vehicle occupants are able to rest and/or work while traveling, increasing their productivity and reducing their stress levels, and where non-drivers have more convenient and affordable travel options that avoid the costs associated with travel that involves paid drivers (e.g., conventional taxis and buses). FAVES as described herein provide for safer travel, because such FAVES may decrease common vehicular travel risks, thereby avoiding the costs of vehicle accidents and reducing insurance premiums. In addition, the availability of FAVES enables individuals to realize personal vehicle maintenance savings through the use of vehicle rental services as a substitute for personal vehicle ownership, which can eliminate maintenance of personal vehicles and can result in various end-user savings. The use of FAVES in accordance with the present disclosure may cause a shift in vehicle manufacture, as manufacturers move their focus from the building of traditional vehicles to the activities of selling travel time well spent, by making modular, upgradable, and re-usable vehicles.

The increased deployment of AVs (e.g., and likewise, FAVES) may come with a number of potential costs and/or risks, which are addressed by various aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the use of AVs may result in a reduction in employment of those individuals trained for the operation, production, and maintenance of traditional vehicles. The adoption of AVs may lead to a reduction in the need for drivers, as well as the demand for those individuals skilled in vehicle repair, which may be due to a reduction in vehicle accidents enabled by aspects described herein. Such reductions in work force may enable the displaced workers to move to the types of work where they are needed including, for example, the design and manufacturer of AVs. The use of AVs may also come with additional risks such as, for example, system failures, may be less safe under certain conditions, and may encourage road users to take additional risks. Systems in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure address the handling of such system failures and amelioration of the potential risks. Aspects of the present disclosure help the operator of AVs (e.g., and FAVES as well) to avoid some of the costs of additional equipment (e.g., sensors, computers and controls), services, and maintenance, and possibly roadway infrastructure, that may be involved in meeting the manufacturing, installation, repair, testing, and maintenance standards for AVs, by minimizing the risks of system failures that could be fatal to both vehicle occupants and other users of the roads on which the AVs travel. Some aspects of systems according to the present disclosure also address security/privacy risks such as, for example, the possible use of AVs for criminal/terrorist activities (e.g., bomb delivery) and the vulnerability of such systems to information abuse (e.g., GPS tracking/data sharing may raise privacy concerns).

Although the traditional vehicle concept is well and widely understood by most of society, the special requirements and capabilities of autonomous vehicles, especially those autonomous vehicles that are electric and shared (i.e., the FAVES concept), will change the automotive industry.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, vehicles that are autonomous, shared, and electrically powered are not simply a means to carry people or goods from point A to point B, but rather become a powerful element able to perform different context-aware and mobility actions, fueled by the interaction with the overall automotive ecosystem. This new paradigm allows a FAVES, as described herein, to play an important role in the quality of life in urban areas, offering benefits to the traveler, the environment, transit providers, manufacturers, and other entities.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure manages the collaborative actions and decisions taken by the vehicles of a FAVES. Such a system supports operation of a FAVES using a Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) paradigm, offering mobility solutions to both travelers and goods, based on travel needs. The system supporting the application of the MaaS paradigm to the management of a FAVES may take into consideration various factors including, for example, the value of passenger time, ridership habits, road occupancy, infrastructure status, social/environmental consequences of travel, and parking opportunities, to name just a few of those factors. A system in accordance with the present disclosure helps end-users to avoid traditional issues related to vehicle depreciation, financing costs, insurance, vehicle maintenance, taxes, etc., that are part of conventional vehicle ownership and usage.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure improves upon components used to support a successful MaaS strategy of the mobility market of the future. Such a system may support a set of challenging services and strategies used when operating a FAVES according to a MaaS paradigm, and works to, for example, reduce city congestion, reduce vehicle emissions, decrease costs to the end-user, improve utilization of transit providers, and enable the collaboration of different fleets of vehicles. Below, we provide additional details on the operation and control of a system supporting to encourage deployment of AVs (e.g., a FAVES) under a MaaS paradigm.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may support combining transportation services from different public and private transportation providers, whether applied for movement of people and/or goods. Such a system may provide support for new mobility and on-demand service providers focused on ride-sharing, car-sharing, and/or bike-sharing.

A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure may support methods of managing (e.g., deployment/maximization) the capacity of roads such as, for example, managing deployment of autonomous vehicles in what may be referred to herein as “platooning,” the use of narrower roadway lanes, reducing vehicle stops at intersections, and the use of improved road striping and road signage that aid recognition of the roadway by autonomous vehicles, thus decreasing road congestion/costs while increasing the efficiency and utilization of transit providers that contribute to the overall transit network in a region.

A system according to the present disclosure may support the creation and management of AV trips, which may, for example, be done through multiple modes. The system may provide for converging bookings and payments that may be managed collectively, under the same system platform, in which end-users may pay using a single account. In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the system may support different subscription methods such as, for example, “pay-per-trip,” and the use of a monthly fee that provides for a certain travel distance and/or a fee structure that supports unlimited travel by end-users. The system may provide for system and end-user tracking of AV usage, and that includes functionality that provides for the handling of various end-user incentives and/or tax exemptions based on the reductions of overall emissions resulting from the use of AVs for end-user travel. A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide operator tools that permit the definition of various parameters relating to parking facilities such as, by way of example and not limitation, system parameters concerning the cost of parking and/or public transit demands, which may be used by the system in determining actions (e.g., parking, charging, traveling) that AVs should take when waiting without passengers. A system according to the present disclosure may include functionality that encourages and supports the furtherance of AV deployment such as, for example, tools and reporting functionality that support vehicle and system certification policies, licensing rules, and autonomous vehicle following distance requirements.

A FAVES in a network providing MaaS will transform the opportunities that are available to those wishing to travel, by enabling people to have door-to-door transfer via self-navigating vehicles to preferred destinations, at a speed of travel normally available using private vehicle travel, and at a cost-per-mile comparable to that of a subway ticket, or at a significantly lower cost than current taxi and ridesharing prices.

Operating a FAVES to provide MaaS involves use of a system that supports a service-driven and market-oriented stack that embodies the know-how, market needs, and requirements of different actors including, for example, end-users; institutions; vehicle and infrastructure equipment manufacturers; legal, regulatory, government, and safety organizations; and/or other agencies. A system in accordance with the present disclosure enables those actors to join forces and act together to build and manage a scalable, high-performance, robust, and safe ecosystem in which AVs are the central point to provide high-value services able to optimize network capacity, reduce congestion on roads, make a passenger's journey stress free, positively impact community and socio-economic growth, increase safety, and improve fleet operations. Additional details of the functionality of a system supporting the use of a FAVES in providing MaaS are discussed below.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may support functionality for management of the infrastructure with which AVs will operate or interact such as, for example, roads, parking places/spaces, cities, etc., and may be designed, developed, and optimized to cope with the specific requirements of AVs. There is a strong public, business, and government interest in, for example, reducing congestion and pollution along roads and highways, and in decreasing the time spent entering and leaving parking facilities. A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may support the design and implementation of such infrastructure elements from the beginning, including providing support for the inclusion of the latest innovations in roadway striping, signage, and traffic control lights/signs, thus providing support for the best physical substrate to support AV operation.

To enable the management of installation and maintenance of infrastructure elements that support AV operation, systems in accordance with the present disclosure support system interfaces for interactions involving municipal authorities, transit and transportation providers, and/or governmental and legal agencies, that can explore and implement policies, managed via system parameters, that will further AV deployment, such as certification policies, licensing rules, and following distance standards.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may provide support for private sector companies such as, for example, Tesla, Google, Uber, etc. that may control the deployment of AVs and many of the technologies that those AVs use. Those companies are building many of the AVs now being explored. A system supporting a FAVES as described herein will enable such private sector companies to respond to market forces including, for example, being involved in the deployment and management of AV software for FAVES. Such software may include, for example, functionality related to automated controls (e.g., steering, braking, signals, etc.), self-parking, auto-collision avoidance features, self-vehicle control, etc. Such a system may provide support for in-vehicle services that leverage on AV functionalities.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may provide support for traditional vehicle OEMs, as they transition to support the MaaS paradigm. Such traditional vehicle OEMs may continue to find ways to sell vehicles to end-users, but may also turn the concept of “building traditional vehicles to sell directly to the end-user” into selling vehicles to service providers, or vehicles as a service, focusing on, for example, “Miles” or “Amount of time well spent” rather than on “Number of vehicles sold.” A system in accordance with aspects of the present invention may provide support for the transition of such OEMs from traditional vehicle sale to end-users, providing support for management, maintenance, rotation, and usage tracking of AVs of a FAVES, as the AVs pass from the OEMs, to the service providers, and into full service with end-users.

It is expected that traditional vehicle OEMs may begin a move into the AV market by deploying modular, upgradable, and re-usable AV hardware to enable the provision of services on top of them. Things such as, for example, display screens used to provide infotainment services for the occupants; diverse types of and/or redundant sensors (e.g., optical, infrared, radar, ultrasonic, and laser) capable of operating in a variety of conditions (e.g., rain, snow, unpaved roads, tunnels, etc.); high-functionality, in-vehicle cameras and computers, as well as sophisticated vehicle and occupant monitoring and electronic surveillance systems, to minimize the effects of system failures and risks due to vandalism, while increasing system physical and data security. A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure provides support for deployment/installation, tracking, maintenance, and upgrade of such AV hardware.

The operation of most AV services and functionalities will involve communication and/or operation with an environment that surrounds each AV, and with the Internet. Thus, the software and hardware functionality of the AV and the operation of a system in accordance with the present disclosure may depend heavily on leveraging secure, high-bandwidth, low-latency, reliable communication technologies and protocols, as well as data management services able to optimize AV operations. An example of a suitable network capable of supporting AVs of a FAVES according to the present disclosure may be found, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/133,756, filed Apr. 20, 2016, and titled “Communication Network of Moving Things; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/132,867, filed Apr. 19, 2016, and titled “Integrated Communication Network for a Network of Moving things;” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/451,696, filed Mar. 7, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things; the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference”.

In this manner, AVs of a FAVES may be equipped with the connectivity solutions to enable them to perform functions such as, for example, the actions of inter-AV coordination and functionality that enables AVs of a FAVES to reach a consensus among multiple vehicles using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications; the acquisition, sharing, and offloading of data, events, and other digital content locally and/or via the Internet; the use of long-range communication systems (e.g., cellular) to gain access to road and highway maps, AV system software upgrades, road condition reports, and emergency messages; and the establishment of connectivity fallback in case of any emergency, etc.

On top of the networking infrastructure that connects AVs, described herein, there are services that a system according to the present disclosure may provide to help ensure the most suitable functionality, behavior, and monitoring of the AV network takes place. A system in accordance with the present disclosure may, for example, provide functionality that supports AV maintenance; electronic map updates; vehicle insurance-related tracking of AV movement and events that occur during operation of the AV; operator and end-user interfaces; and management of one or more FAVES that are independent, coordinated, and/or cooperative.

The services supported by a system according to aspects of the present disclosure may be targeted for different types of markets, and may include, for example, the testing, maintenance and repair of AV components such as sensors and controls; services related to ultra-precise navigation tools including, for example, those related to one or more Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNS) (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS)) and 2D/3D map information; and services related to the management, storage, and securitization of video feeds that can be important for insurance purposes. Additional services supported by a system according to the present disclosure may include, for example, application programming interfaces (APIs) that enable access to data, events, and other digital contents having possible impact on the operations and logistics of fleets, as well as on advertising campaigns of different agencies and retailers; and APIs to remotely manage and control the operations and software of AVs, which may be important for fleet managers.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may provide support for management of various aspects of human factors involved in the interaction of AVs with end-users or consumers, as well as the impact of those factors on the requirements of services that leverage on the AV ecosystem, which may be a part of any AV deployment. Those services may, for example, be related to environmental or refuse management in cities, the management of Wi-Fi offload for end-users/consumers, road pricing and fees for vehicular travel within cities or states, and/or APIs for system developers.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may take into consideration the influence of human behaviors on the delivery of services. The system may be configured to take into account the use-cases, scenarios, and socio-economic impact resulting from the interaction of AVs and the system described herein with people and communities, as well as vulnerable users. In this way, the system according to aspects of the present disclosure may be arranged so that the overall ecosystem provided and orchestrated around AVs may be tailored to meet the needs/desires of different end-users and operators.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide support for a set of “technology pillars” that may be used operate and manage one or more AVs in a way that enables the AVs to deliver valuable products or services for multiple markets. An example set of such “technology pillars” are related to, for example, “connected” technologies (e.g., wireless communication network technologies for a network of moving things); the inclusion of advanced and sophisticated hardware/software systems that increase the security and safety of both AV occupants and other users of the roads/highways; and functionality that is configured to handle the huge volumes of data that come with the operation of large numbers of AVs, consistent with enabling existing operating models and services of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) companies to fully benefit from such data. The example set of “technology pillars” supported by a system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also include functionality that enables groups of AVs to autonomously make collaborative decisions among the AVs of the group; and functionality that supports using the MaaS concept to operate and manage AVs in an integrated way. Additional details about the above-listed “technology pillars” that may be supported by a system as described herein, are provided below.

Wireless digital connectivity may be a part of many AV use-cases and scenarios, and may be of significant importance to AV passengers for use in accessing the Internet, to AV manufacturers for performing remote diagnosis and over-the-air software/firmware/configuration/data (e.g., map) updates, to advertising agencies and retailers for use in updating AV media content, to AV software companies and developers to test new functionality of AVs, and to service providers for acquisition of data related to their services. Various example systems and methods that provide media information (e.g., multi-media, music, advertising, etc.) may be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/376,937, filed on Aug. 19, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods to Improve Multimedia Content Distribution in a Network of Moving things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/414,978, filed on Jan. 25, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Digital Advertising Campaigns in a Network of Moving Things;” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/429,410, filed on Dec. 2, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Content Distribution for Fleets of Vehicles, Including for Example Autonomous Vehicles, By Using Smart Supply Stations;” the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Due to the different connectivity needs of the various use-cases and scenarios in which AVs will operate, a system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide smart and intelligent connectivity tools, to help operators and end-users make sure that the type, scope, and capacity of the wireless connectivity made available to each AV is tailored to the context and requirements of each individual scenario, while optimizing the functionality of the AV and the services provided by the AV, as a whole.

A system in accordance with the present disclosure may provide support for the configuration and management of, for example, heterogeneous and high-capacity connectivity over different networks; context-aware access to connectivity and mobility; the aggregation of bandwidth through different technologies; a gateway for Internet access, connectivity fallback, and networking offload; the evolution of V2V, V2I, and V2X communication architecture and equipment; and smart management of radio frequency (RF) spectrum occupancy.

A system in accordance with the present disclosure may provide support for deployment of AVs on a large scale and at a fleet level, and will include functionality that AVs may need to securely communicate and cooperate with one another to reach agreement regarding local actions to be performed by AVs on a road or highway. AVs may often need to make decisions carrying significant risk that are coordinated with other AVs, without the need to communicate with centrally located systems and networking points that may impose additional and unacceptable delays and overhead upon such decisions. A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure enables an AV to quickly initiate secure and trusted vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and/or vehicle to anything (V2X) communications with neighbor AV and infrastructure elements. Such a system may, for example, provide for deployment of context-aware protocols or “security-as-a-service” packages based on the level of security required for any AV application and/or service; and ensure that security logs of AVs are stored and communicated to the system or other elements in a delay-tolerant fashion for backup, backtracking, and fault detection. The system may, for example, provide support and configuration systems that enable quick and trusted consensus among AVs; that enable secure interoperability between AVs from different fleets; and that provide and distribute Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) functions.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure will provide support for the functionality of AVs referred to herein as Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS), which the independent and self-driving capabilities of AVs including, for example, recognition of roads and highways; classification of obstacles on roads and highways; automatic collision avoidance features; alerts regarding hazardous road conditions; to name only a few. In order to minimize the risks of failure of such AV systems, a system according to the present disclosure leverages the connectivity among AVs, thus enabling AVs to immediately share knowledge with one another and with the Cloud, thus increasing the overall safety of autonomous driving and navigation on the roads and highways.

To support the use and management of ADAS in AVs, a system as described herein may provide functionality that enables, configures, and/or manages collective learning (or nearby teaching), by sharing/forwarding local information in context (e.g., broadcasting of warnings/announcements/streamed information); and that identifies priorities and/or forms clusters among AVs at intersections, in case of accidents, when required to follow a particular AV or form a line of AVs (e.g., “platooning”), and when emergency vehicles or a platoon of vehicles are on the road, etc. A system as described herein may provide functionality that ensures that critical driving applications such as, by way of example and not limitation, “see-through,” “blind spot” monitoring, lane/trajectory change assistance, the following of specific vehicles, a requirement to maintain a minimum inter-vehicle distance, overtaking maneuvers, collision warnings, etc., are provided with or gather look-ahead and predictive context information.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide functionality that supports instances where an emergency or catastrophe response is needed. Such a system may provide functionality and/or information that enables each AV to, for example, detect when an emergency vehicle is approaching the AV (e.g., via mesh networking); trigger/disseminate an emergency mode activation across the network connecting one or more AVs; allow AVs to detect that an emergency mode has been/should be activated; provide appropriate configuration and/or information for each AV to act as a mobile gateway to the Internet; allow real-time, data-driven dispatching of emergency vehicles/first responders; define how the AV infrastructure is to behave/operate in case of an emergency; and to permit others (e.g., a system operator, law enforcement, vehicle manufacturer) to remotely control AVs in case of emergency (fallback).

AVs are not expected to be able to function without having access to data, and will benefit from a data-driven communication infrastructure. Such data will be provided across the population of AVs, and will be tailored to the context or service in question. AVs will benefit from actionable data that is available on-time and at a per-vehicle level, with a resolution, granularity, and/or frequency that is tailored to the context or service in question, and that enable the AV to use such data to provide added-value to different applications. A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure will provide dynamic, personalized, and flexible data management mechanisms that may, for example, aggregate contextualized data from multiple sources and sensors, where such data is tailored for different types of services and applications; enable the collection and fusion of different types of data, while enabling customized data filtering, at a vehicle or Cloud level; and provide APIs to enable customized configuration of data sensing mechanisms (e.g., sampling rates, resolution, frequency). Such a system may provide functionality and controls, for example, to enable data distribution for environmental awareness (e.g., context-aware look-ahead), including the deployment of the policies/thresholds that define whether or not to use the data; and deploy mechanisms for data prioritization (e.g., real-time (RT) or delay-tolerant network (DTN) and in what order), as well as policies for data ordering, caching, and/or dropping. The system may also provide the functionality and controls, for example, to perform accounting of the levels of data usage (e.g., based on Bitcoin or credits to use; to allow different stakeholders, parties, fleets, and/or AVs to subscribe to different types, levels, and amount of data through well-defined APIs; and to integrate data from different stakeholders, parties, fleets, and/or AVs through APIs, while fostering data sharing through specific incentives/policies.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure provides functionality for collecting and analyzing data to produce analytics that may be used for the operation, control, and management of AVs that, for example, may have self-driven and autonomous functionalities and services. Such AVs may have requirements and needs in terms of communication latency and bandwidth and may, for example, have a need to frequently perform data analytics and to quickly generate knowledge at or near the source of the data. A system as described herein may provide support to such AVs, which may employ local resources that might not be continuously connected to the Internet. A system in accordance with the present disclosure anticipates the operation, control, and management of AVs, as such autonomous vehicles become increasingly more intelligent than vehicles of today, in order to allow the functionalities and services of advanced AVs to behave and/or act as expected and in a reliable fashion. Such a system may be configured to continue to scale and expand the functionality and capabilities, as AVs are endowed with ever increasing computational, storage, and processing resources that allow such AVs to run applications that leverage on resource intensive algorithms such as, for example, object detection and classification, map localization, path planning, video streaming, etc. In addition, a system as described herein supports the operation, control, and management of AVs able to infer further knowledge through sophisticated machine learning or artificial intelligence techniques.

As the focus on the power of big data and analytics increases, a system according to various aspects of the present disclosure may be used to quantify, generate, and aggregate the type and amount of resources, data, and knowledge involved, and may be tailored to feed different services, locally or at the Cloud. Such a system may, for example, provide and/or produce sufficient data/knowledge and derive thresholds/policies to detect and enable just-in-time optimizations of services that may be done locally (e.g., at the edge), or adjust for their integration with fallback to the Cloud. A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may enable network optimizations through the use of collaborative and continuous shared learning that may be done locally (e.g., to relevant vehicles), or at the Cloud for general learning. Such systems may enable, for example, the detection of anomalies and exceptions in algorithms in use at AVs, and may, for example, send information about them to Cloud, perform corrections or adjustments to the algorithms, and/or send such corrections or adjustment back to AVs. A system in accordance with the present disclosure may log, aggregate and analyze data network connectivity, AV mobility, and data traces of AVs, and may derive patterns of road/highway usage, AV trips, the locations of end-users, and various demands upon the AVs and the system. A system as described herein may also operate to increase AV location accuracy by, for example, correlating GNSS/GPS data of different AVs and integrating such data into value-added maps of expected AV routes, destinations, and origins.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure provides the functionality that may be needed to support various managed services and applications. Such a system may enable different companies whose goals are to make the cities and fleets smarter, to optimize the operation of a data-driven communication infrastructure and the AVs that it serves by communicatively coupling the AVs to one another and to the Cloud, while making it possible for MaaS providers to get the connectivity and data that they need. In this way, a system as described herein makes it possible for operators of FAVES to, for example, better define AV trips, optimize the operation of FAVES in real-time, enable new forms of AV sharing to ease congestion and lower transportation costs for riders, and provide urban, road, transportation, and fleet planning departments with unprecedented data used to drive their decisions regarding FAVES planning, operation, and maintenance.

In order to help improve management of services and applications, a system according to aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, enable customers, clients, and/or developers to access and deploy services in the same shared AV infrastructure through Software Defined Networking (SDN)/Network Function Virtualization (NFV) functions; and to deploy private, secure, transparent, and portable APIs to access the High-Definition (HD) data (a.k.a., data with high-granularity) and services that may be available at a vehicle and/or Cloud level. A system as described herein may, for example, feed various services with data, events, video streaming and contents, detailed reports, and analysis, and alerts of their usage, health, and diagnostics, making providers, customers, and/or clients more aware of their services. Such a system may enable secure, contextualized, customized, and predictive announcements, advertisements, broadcasting and management of relevant data, events, video streaming and contents to feed such services. A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may determine and prioritize the data that will be relevant for each single service, AV, operator, customer, and/or client based on their needs and requirements; and may make the operation of service “over-the-air” update mechanisms more modular, flexible, reliable, and accountable, while enabling the deployment of management, monitoring, and configuration functions as managed services.

AVs may perform large numbers of real-time, resource-intensive, and critical actions while on-the-move, and most of these actions may be decided and performed locally, without interacting with functionality in the Cloud, because Cloud-based systems might only be accessible through high-latency and/or low-throughput communication links, and/or might not have all the data available that may be used in making accurate and synchronized decisions. A system according to the present disclosure may provide the support needed to enable AVs endowed with such decision-making capabilities to collaborate with one or more nearby AVs and/or with other devices at the edge of the network, which may be locally available. By enabling the operation of distributed, collaborative, and coordinated decision makers, a system according to the present disclosure may enable AVs to leverage information and computing resources of their neighbor devices to carry out substantial amounts of data storage, communication, configuration, measurement, and management functions. This may occur, for example, when the AVs do not have sufficient resources available. In some situations, an AV may, for example, contact resources in the Cloud for increased redundancy or fallback. In this context, a system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may provide mechanisms that enable AVs to, for example, provide open and secure APIs to allow AVs from different fleets/owners to announce, advertise, discover and start collaborating with each other in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer (P2P) fashion, in order to resolve together any coordinated decision that affects the behavior of any data/control/service function. Such a system may enable an AV to, for example, detect whether any decision or management function may be done locally or should be done at the Cloud level, by considering the scope/locality of the function, and a required level of redundancy/fallback. A system as described herein may allow for different levels of interoperability that may include, for example, operability between vehicles, operability from a vehicle to the Cloud (e.g., map information, video streaming, etc.), and operability from the Cloud to a vehicle (e.g., map information, OS updates, etc.) based on, for example, the various communication technologies available (e.g., V2V, V2I, cellular, etc.), the origin of the data (e.g., vehicle, end-user device, sensor, network), and/or the location of data consumers. A system according to the present disclosure may, for example, provide mechanisms to enable distributed negotiations and consensus in the network of AVs, by providing a means for other devices to request needs and to enable AV election and/or enforce AV prioritization when required to perform any distributed action in the network.

When operating a FAVES for MaaS, multiple entities may interact and/or collaborate in order to support service-driven business models built on top of a shared communication and management infrastructure that communicatively couples the AVs. The entities may include, by way of example and not limitation, transit and transportation stakeholders, fleet operators, governmental and legal agencies, AV manufacturers, infrastructure owners, municipal authorities, service providers, and insurance companies. A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may enable various AV-based business models, including functionality related to service pricing and taxation (e.g., data-driven assessment value), payment and charging, incentives, exemptions, cost sharing, travel planning/scheduling, parking space/slot management, road/highway management, delivery management, and weight management.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may provide functionality that helps to make the business models flexible, usable, and scalable, while maximizing the likelihood of using shared AVs. Such a system may operate to, for example, gather the RT and DTN data used to feed the MaaS business models; provide a set of standard open APIs for data access to aid in fostering competition; enable access to and accounting of data related to, for example, any forms of payment accepted for services rendered (e.g., new Bitcoin-based business models such as, pay per data, pay per use, etc.; and provide functionality that supports improvements to customer/client business models by analyzing the impact of data, mobility and connectivity patterns and trends. A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure may provide tools to, for example, determine the impact of the business models on the revenue/costs for any entity sharing the AV infrastructure.

A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure provides functionality that supports a variety of AV tasks and/or actions including, but not limited to, traveling, parking, and or charging. Such a system may, for example, provide functionality used to support travel associated with the pickup, transfer, and offload of passengers, goods, or data, in addition to the actions of traveling to a charging station or a parking slot/space. In addition, an AV travel action may take place to move an AV to a location at which it is needed to perform the above travel actions. A system as described herein may plan, schedule, and/or coordinate such travel actions. In addition, the system may plan, schedule, and/or coordinate a number of activities of the AV during the act of traveling including, for example, uploading and/or downloading data to/from the Cloud; acting as a mobile gateway to the Internet; acquiring and sensing relevant context information for local or general learning; detecting unexpected events and/or behaviors; locally broadcasting, announcing, advertising, and/or sharing media content; providing support for local and/or global services; and providing Internet access to occupants of the AV.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may also support functionality related to periods of time when the AV is parked such as, for example, planning, scheduling, and/or coordinating the uploading and/or downloading by the AV of data to/from the Cloud; providing a stable and reliable gateway to the Internet for end-users in the vicinity of the AV; and providing new or additional connectivity of a wireless access infrastructure.

The network-based and transportation-related tasks or actions that may be performed by AVs such as, for example, travelling, parking, gathering data, enabling communications, providing support for services, and providing transportation of people and/or goods each occur within a context. A system in accordance with the present disclosure may use information about context as input to algorithms, functions, and/or policies that may determine whether or not the AV is to, by way of example and not limitation, provide wireless connectivity to vehicle occupants; store or advertise data; travel over a particular route; remain stopped at a certain location; proceed to a charging station or parking place; and/or act as an urban sensor or data courier. It is clear that the example actions listed above are not only related to providing wireless connectivity, but that such actions also affect the AV ecosystem. Additional details are provided below regarding various sets of context information that may affect the AV behavior and/or functionalities.

Various examples of the AV (or components thereof) operating as a data collector and/or courier may, for example, be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/213,269, filed Jul. 18, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/228,613, filed Aug. 4, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/245,992, filed Aug. 24, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Shipping Management in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/337,856, filed Oct. 28, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/428,085, filed on Feb. 8, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Vehicle OBD Data in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including Autonomous Vehicle Data;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/350,814, filed Jun. 16, 2016, and titled “System and Methods for Managing Contains in a Network of Moving Things;” the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Various example aspects of vehicle positioning or route or travel control, vehicle tracking, vehicle monitoring, etc., may, for example, be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/215,905, filed on Aug. 4, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/415,196, filed Oct. 31, 2016, and titled “Systems and Method for Achieving Action Consensus Among a Set of Nodes in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/336,891, filed May 16, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicular Positioning Based on Message Round-Trip Times in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/377,350, filed Aug. 19, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Flexible Software Update in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/360,592, filed Jul. 11, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicular Positioning Based on Wireless Fingerprinting Data in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/415,268, filed Oct. 31, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods to Deploy and Control a Node in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/351,811, filed Nov. 15, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods to Extrapolate High-Value Data from a Network of Moving Things;” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/417,705, filed Nov. 4, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for the User-Centric Calculation of the Service Quality of a Transportation Fleet in a Network of Moving Things;” the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may gather and/or employ a variety of characteristics or parameters for each of a number of different types of AV contexts. For example, such a system may include functionality that supports entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters of a geographic region such as, for example, a city, county, state, province, and/or country. In the context of a geographic region, characteristics such as, for example, the density of available access points (APs) may be stored and used in selecting the routes of AVs, thus providing high-quality and low-cost connectivity for Internet access and upload/download data to/from the Cloud. A system as described herein may employ information about the physical/geographic location(s) of various possible sources of end-user demands that may be placed upon AVs of a FAVES, to optimize the trips of AVs, and/or the number of AVs to be made available at specific geographic locations in order to meet end-user demand for wireless service or transportation at the locations of groups of end-users (e.g., where crowds are located), thus reducing the time that end-users wait for the service(s) provided by the AVs.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may use information about unexpected events in a particular geographic region (e.g., a city) such as, for example, road obstructions, vehicle and/or pedestrian accidents, and/or the closing of roads/highways to allow the system to feed such details to AV trip planning algorithms, as soon as possible. The population of a particular geographic region may also be taken into account by such a system, in that the algorithms used to schedule AVs for the particular geographic region should take into account the density and demographics of the potential end-users in that geographic region, and whether the geographic region is an urban, suburban, or rural area. For instance, the system may plan for an AV that is leaving a city at the end of the day, to wait for more people that will travel to the same region.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, include functionality that supports entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters of a network of various types and sizes of roads (e.g., streets, highways, tollways, and the like). For road pricing purposes, such a system may take the type of road (e.g., a municipal road or highway, a one-lane or a two-lane road, whether a toll is charged on the road/highway, whether the road is urban or rural, etc.) into account when planning AV routes, scheduling trips, etc. Such a system may, for example, support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to road congestion and usage. For example, if an end-user chooses to make a trip over a congested road, the end-user may be required to pay a fee based on the levels of congestion of the road on which they choose to travel. A system in accordance with the present disclosure may, for example, operate with a goal of balancing trips over the available roads. In a similar way, a system in accordance with the present disclosure may make it possible for end-users to pay more for travel over a less congested road/route, if such a road/route is available. A system described herein may use information about the density of AVs traveling various roads, may detect that the number of AVs traveling over a specific road is increasing, and may use such information to predict, in advance, which roads should be used to perform trips.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to road conditions. Such a system may monitor obstacles or other problems on the roads used by AVs. The system may be able to predict such obstacles (e.g., based on historical information on road obstructions/issues of the roads of interest), and may advertise such information to AVs and/or system located in the Cloud, in advance, to aid in quickly finding alternate routes for AVs. For road pricing purposes, trips over roads that are in poor condition or that impede travel may be considered to be relatively more expensive, as further travel on such roads makes those roads worse, and may cause additional wear and tear on the AVs in use.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to vehicle parking. Such a system may use such information to direct AVs that are waiting for riders to, for example, move to a traditional parking space/slot, or to continue moving about to find additional riders. Also, the system may use demand information in terms of end-users, connectivity, and data to feed algorithms that decide whether AVs will stay parked to, for example, increase coverage or act a reliable gateway for Internet, or to travel when carrying people or goods. Example details of various systems and methods for performing such operation may, for example, be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62,449,394, filed Jan. 23, 2017, and titled “Systems and Methods for Utilizing Mobile Access Points as Fixed Access Points in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including Autonomous Vehicles,” the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

When an AV has more than one parking place available near a trip destination, characteristics or parameters related to the cost, size, and congestion of those parking places may be evaluated by a system of the present disclosure, to aid in the selection the best parking place at the current time. In addition, when an AV is nearing the destination of the current trip and parking places are available along the trip route, a system such as that described herein may use characteristics or parameters such as, for example, those indicative of road congestion and parking place availability to decide whether to park or to continue traveling, right up to the point of arrival at the trip destination.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to the charging of AV batteries. For example, when the level of charge of the batteries of an AV drops below a certain threshold, a system according to the present disclosure may evaluate the level of charge and the occupancy of nearby charging station(s) to aid the AV in determining whether the AV should stay parked (e.g., acting as a reliable gateway for the Internet) rather than continuing to travel and thereby consume the remaining battery power, or that the AV should share some actions (e.g., carrying end-users or goods) with nearby AVs. Information about the limited electric budget that the AVs may have to perform their operations may be evaluated by such a system. In addition, a system according to the present disclosure may evaluate characteristics and parameters representative of the occupancy/congestion and size/charging capacity of the charging stations currently available, in order to reduce the time that AVs spend charging.

Although the present disclosure frequently describes AVs that employ electricity for propulsion, some AVs may, for example, use other sources of energy. For AV pricing purposes, a system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may use characteristics and parameters entered and/or collected by the system to evaluate the fees charged end-users based on the source of energy (e.g., type of fuel) used to operate the AV so that, for example, pricing of end-user fees for use of AVs may be adjusted according to costs of operation, operator and/or governmental policies (e.g., higher usage fees for AVs powered by less-efficient and non-renewable sources of energy).

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to fleets of AVs, where the fleets may be of different types of AVs and/or have different owners/operators. For example, there may be different types of public or private fleets of AVs, and each of those fleets may, for example, be operated by a different entity, may run different services, and/or may perform heavy or light operations. A system in accordance with the present disclosure may take into account such information in an AV selection function as, for example, one or more end-user preferences.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, enable balancing the trips requested of a fleet, or the services running on the AVs of a fleet, among all of the AVs of the fleet. Such a system may provide the functionality to permit assignment of priorities to each of the applications running on an AV, to enable management of the limited network resources and/or data capacity of the AV.

Such a system may also provide functionality that enables selection of an AV from a public fleet. Such functionality may be configured to support end-user preferences such as, for example, an end-user preference for an AV having routes that run more frequently, in order to minimize end-user delays, or an end-user preference for an AV that offers a larger number of infotainment services, for end-user convenience and enjoyment.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to features of the AV itself. For example, such a system may be configured with functionality that enables end-users, operators, maintenance personnel, and/or any other authorized individuals or entities to determine the current weight and available space of an AV, to enable one to check, for example, whether an AV has available capacity for additional riders or additional goods. Such information about current weight or available space for riders or goods may be available in real-time to enable, for example, operators to be apprised of situations in which items have been left on an AV (e.g., bags/babies/bombs), by verifying that the weight of the AV before the boarding of a passenger and the weight of the AV after the passenger disembarks, is the same. In addition, a system according to the present disclosure may use such functionality to avoid operating AVs as “zombie cars,” that is, AVs that are traveling without passengers, goods, or a purpose for traveling.

A system in accordance with the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of characteristics and/or parameters related to taxes and priority of operations regarding AV activities. Such a system may provide particular functionality supporting AV operation that, for example, is to be exempt from taxes, and/or to give priority to AVs that are travelling due to an emergency (e.g., ambulances, fire service workers, police cars, etc.), those that perform special services (e.g., pharmacy AVs that transport medicines and/or medical supplies, AVs that transport the handicapped, etc.), or AV actions related to a response to a catastrophe. In a similar fashion, such a system may enable the application of particular taxes to the operation of AVs that are considered to be highly polluting vehicles, AVs that are part of a fleet that currently has too many vehicles on the road(s), or other aspects of operation.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to the occupants of the AVs. For example, such a system may provide functionality that allows for the configuration of the cadence, speed, and/or type of advertisements displayed in/on the AV; the selection, operation, and/or the adjustment of applications and services running on AVs according to the age, mood, and/or preferences of the occupants of AVs. In addition, such a system may enable the location and availability of AVs to be targeted to the habits and routines of people working or living in different regions or areas served by the AVs. Further, a system as described herein may provide functionality that permits end-user fees for AV travel to take into consideration the urgency that occupants have to reach a specific place or to move from point A to B.

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may enable the end-users to choose, book, and pay for their AV trips through their preferred payment options or methods. Such a system may, for example, permit end-user subscription for AV services, using a unified end-user application, which may be configured to operate across different geographic regions (e.g., villages, towns, cities, provinces, regions, states, countries, etc.) and may support end-user access to multiple AVs and fleet operators. Such a system may be configurable to permit end-users to pay a designated fee for a certain number of travel credits or travel miles, or to perform a designated or unlimited number of trips during a particular period of time (e.g., a day, a month, etc.), but to also be able to pay per trip taken.

A system in accordance with the present disclosure may also provide functionality to collect and use the feedback of AV occupants. Such a system may permit operators of the system to review end-user AV trips and indications of the cost, duration, and convenience of end-user trips, and may derive indicators representative of satisfaction/reputation for each AV operator, to enable the operators of AVs to improve their operations and functionality.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to the AV transportation services for goods. Such a system may, for example, enable those using such transportation services to designate delivery times/intervals of goods, and the system may, when determining fees and/or prices for such services, take such into consideration the designated delivery times/intervals for each delivery. In addition, such a system may enable the reservation of delivery slots that may be taken into account in the scheduling AVs trips. The system, in regard to scheduling of AVs trips, may also take into consideration the total amount of goods (and in some instances, riders) to be transported to the same location. A system in accordance with the present disclosure may, for example, schedule a trip to move goods to a specific location only when there is a sufficient (e.g., above a location threshold) amount of goods destined for the same or a nearby location.

A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure may support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to AV trips. For example, such a system may enable end-users to combine or give preference to various modes of transportation (e.g., car, van, bus, train, etc.) when planning an AV trip to travel from point A to B. The system may permit end-users check cost and availability of the various modes of transportation, as well as choosing modes of transportation such as, for example, walking and cycling. Such a system may permit the end-user to set different goals, costs, optimizations, purposes, and/or priorities for each trip. For example, the end-user may choose to indicate that the trip is to move people, data, and/or luggage; to sense/acquire data; to go to a parking place or charging station, or other trip options. The system may permit the end-user to indicate a preference for trips having at most a certain number of stops (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.) that will not affect their perceived quality of experience (QoE).

A system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure may provide the functionality of a common platform for trip planning and payment. Such a system may, for example, permit end-users to share costs with other end-users, and permit the system operator to define, for example, what end-users will pay for each trip or for a set of miles per month. The system may, for example, be configured to provide incentives to end-users to not waste any miles/credits that may remain at the end of a month. Further, such a system may enable AVs to trade trips and costs, based on the amount of resources, data, end-users/occupants/riders, actions, states, and routes that the AVs share. The system may also permit trips by AVs to be prioritized, based on a purpose (e.g., transport people, transport goods, transport data, etc.) or according to a context such as, for example, a normal/regular trip, an urgent trip (e.g., delivering urgent personal, business, and/or government document/data/goods), and/or an emergency trip (e.g., carrying police, fire service, medical personnel/medicine/medical supplies, etc.). The system may provide incentives for end-users and/or suppliers to pick-up/drop-off a certain number of people and/or goods at the same origin/place/destination, at the same time, and may, for example, derive trip fees based on the distance traveled the end-user/goods.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to trip fees. Such a system may include functionality that determines trip fees based on location or speed of AVs and the routes that the AVs travel. AV behavior and/or actions may be taken in to account by the system, and the system may consider the expected distance and/or time to arrive at a certain location (e.g., charging station, parking place) in the calculation of trip fees. A system according to the present disclosure may, for example, use the time of day as a factor influencing the number of AVs traveling each road, and/or the number of AVs to be scheduled at a certain location.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to a data network used by the AV. Such a system may enable an operator/client to map various services and/or applications running on AVs to the different communication technologies (e.g., Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) (e.g., IEEE 802.11p), Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad), cellular (e.g., 4G (LTE), 5G, etc.) or network configurations available. The system may provide functionality that permits such mapping to take into account types of access points (APs), support of mobility by the communication technology, a level of security supported/provided by a communication technology, agreements, etc.).

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may enable any kind of decision, action, or communication performed within an AV to be evaluated based on the scope/locality of the decision, action, or communication. For example, a system such as described herein may, for example, enable decisions, actions, and/or communications that involve only the AV; that affect other AVs that are nearby an given AV; and/or that affect an entire fleet of AVs through, for example, services of or communication via the Cloud. Such a system may, for each kind of decision, action, and/or communication performed within a supported AV, take into account the level of redundancy or reliability that is required, and/or the level of interoperability that is involved including, for example, between vehicles (i.e., V2V); from a vehicle to the Cloud (i.e., V2I), e.g., mapping info or maps, video streaming, etc.; and from the Cloud to a vehicle (i.e., I2V), e.g., maps or mapping information, operating system (OS) updates, etc.).

A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure may support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to various levels of network congestion. Such congestion may, for example, be in the form of messages or other data transported over a wireless or wired network. Such a system may support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to network congestion such as, for example, the number of AVs on roads; the amount of data now flowing or that has been transported in the past, to/from the Cloud; the number of messages/sessions/communications occurring within a geographic region or area (e.g., village, town, city, county, province, state, etc.) or at a specific geographic location; bandwidth requests from different AVs; and trip requests from different end-users, clients, etc. A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may take such characteristics or parameters into account when determining/planning/scheduling what actions an AV may perform or which road an AV may travel.

A system according to aspects of the present disclosure may also support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to the data being communicated and/or transported. For example, such a system may classify and/or prioritize the type of data to be sensed, transmitted, dropped, and/or shared (e.g., media content, sensor data, advertisements, notifications, end-user data, etc.) based on the requirements or needs of the various stakeholders, fleets, AVs, and/or parties (e.g., operators, clients, end-users).

A system according to the present disclosure may include functionality that enables the entire AV ecosystem take into account the origin of data being communicated and/or physically transported, both in terms of the entity that owns or publishes such data (e.g., a vehicle, end-user, sensor, network, etc.), the location of consumers of such data (e.g., fleet operators, telecommunications companies, insurance companies, vehicle occupants/riders/end-users, etc.), and the applications and/or services that request such data.

A system according to the present disclosure may, for example, provide APIs to permit an end-user and/or client to subscribe to various types of data services and/or an amount of data transported by a subscription service; to assign credits to end-users and/or clients to enable such to use a particular communication service or communicate a certain amount of data involved in performing a particular action; and/or to monitor and track (e.g., perform accounting on) the amount of data usage of an application, an end-user, and/or a client.

Such a system may take into account the urgency of the data, which may be used by the system to influence decisions such as, for example, whether a particular piece of data is to be sent in real-time, or may be communicated using delay-tolerant networking, and whether such data is to be given priority over other types of data. Such a system may enable the entry, collection, and/or use of various policies regarding, for example, the ordering of data, the caching/storage of data, and/or the dropping of data by AVs or other elements. Example system and method aspects related to such delay-tolerant networking may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/353,966, filed Nov. 17, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including a Network of Autonomous Vehicles,” the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

A system according to various aspects of the present disclosure may support the entry, collection, and/or use of various characteristics or parameters related to services provided by AVs. Such a system may include the functionality to enable AVs to give priority to specific types of services such as, for example, those services related to safety including, for example, police/law enforcement, fire service, medical/ambulance services (i.e., “first responders”). A system according to the present disclosure may take into account the preferences and/or needs of those requesting a specific service, or the context or environment in which that service is to be applied. A system as described herein may, for example, enable configuration of AVs and data network elements appropriately for each service to be provided, taking into consideration an amount of data used by a given service, the amount of processing power that may be involved in running complex functions or algorithms associated with provision of a given service, and/or whether high-bandwidth/low-latency links are required by a given service to be provided either in centralized or in a distributed way, either at a vehicle (e.g., AV) or a Cloud level.

A system in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may be configured to optimize the operation of a network of autonomous vehicles including, for example, minimizing the amount of time spent by an AV looking for parking places or charging stations; minimizing the amount of time spent waiting for a nearby parking place or a charging station; and/or minimizing the number of AVs per road segment or overall road congestion by AVs. Such a system may also optimize the operation of a network of AVs by, for example, maximizing the amount of time that an AV is travelling without being empty; and/or minimizing the amount of time spent transferring a payload (e.g., a person, an item, and/or data) from point A to point B. A system according to the present disclosure may optimize operation of a network of AVs by, for example, maximizing the amount of data offloaded by the AV, while minimizing the amount of data offloaded at the same location or through the same wireless access point.

Such a system may enable one or more AVs to increase wireless connectivity coverage, and may enable configuration of a network of AVs to minimize the data latency and increase network data throughput, while providing connectivity to end-user devices. A system according to the present disclosure enables an operator to maximize the amount of data connectivity provided to the activities in a geographic region (e.g., village, city, county, province, state, etc.), while maximizing the safety and security of operation of one or more AVs. Such a system enables an operator of a network of AVs to maximize the QoE provided by an AV or a fleet of AVs, and to distribute resource usage among all the AVs of a fleet.

There are large numbers of AV services and applications that may involve high-bandwidth and low-latency communications. AVs may operate in different working modes or states, and therefore may need access to relevant context information, to enable the operations/actions that the AVs will perform in those states. Each AV may require different degrees or levels of wireless connectivity in terms of, for example, the communication technologies used (e.g., DSRC, Wi-Fi, cellular, etc.), the amount of network bandwidth needed, and requirements regarding the amount of network latency that the services and/or applications of the AVs are able to tolerate. In addition to transporting people or goods, AVs may also be used to acquire and transport data. Therefore, some trips and wireless connectivity opportunities may need to be evaluated while keeping in mind not only the transportation of people and/or goods, but also service and application opportunities that are focused on the acquisition and transportation of data.

Many of the services and applications running on an AV are primarily interested in maximizing their communication network throughput or minimizing their packet latency, independent of the types of communication technologies (e.g., connectivity) or the amount of radio frequency (RF) spectrum available to the AV. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, the control of access to the wireless connectivity resources of an AV may be selective and context-aware, and is not handled as a simply first come, first served arrangement. In accordance with the present disclosure, certain services and/or applications of an AV may be given higher priority access to wireless connectivity resources of the AV such as, for example, services and/or applications that deal with issues regarding safety/emergency, or services and/or applications that manage and/or perform updates to the AV software and hardware. In accordance with the present disclosure, each service or application resident on an AV may have a different scope. For example, in a first example scenario, a service and/or application may be performed entirely on a single AV, while in a second example scenario, the service and/or application may involve actions of a group of two or more AVs that are near one another and may involve the help of a fixed access point (AP). In a third example scenario, a service and/or application may involve actions of a system in the Cloud. In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the type of wireless connectivity (e.g., the communication technology such as DSRC, Wi-Fi, cellular, etc.) and the allocation of connectivity resources (e.g., the amount of bandwidth, RF spectrum) to the service or application may be tailored according to the service or application. In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, some decisions regarding connectivity may be done in-advance, to take advantage of specific context and connectivity opportunities available at a particular time.

Aspects of the present disclosure define an intelligent, adaptive, and context-aware method and system for connectivity and technology selection in the AV space, which encompasses a number of features. For example, an AV in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may classify the services/applications running on the AV, may identify the communication requirements of those services/applications, and may map those communication requirements to a set of communication technologies or pieces of available RF spectrum. AVs according to aspects of the present disclosure may prioritize some applications over others by, for example, giving a higher priority to serving the communication needs of applications requiring high-capacity, high-throughput, low-latency communication, or to those applications that are location-aware.

An AV in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may receive triggers from critical applications (e.g., applications or services related to safety such as medical/fire/law enforcement, etc.) or network nodes that are within communication range of the AV, and may provide limited access to connectivity to those non-critical applications or specific network nodes. An AV according to the present disclosure may, for example, take into account information in what may be referred to herein as a “profile” of the AV. An “AV profile” may, for example, characterize actions that an AV may perform when operating in one or more specific states (e.g., charging stage, transporting state, parking state, etc.) based on a specific situation/category/context (e.g., operating as a data courier, collecting data from sensor(s), communicating via RF wireless communication (e.g., providing Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad) connectivity for nearby network nodes (e.g., AVs) or end-user devices), provide communication/transport in emergency/catastrophe situations, etc.). Providing communication, transportation, and/or data collection support in such situations may involve assigning priorities for use of wireless connectivity/access by different applications based on different profiles (and those profiles may be driven and/or triggered by different entities, e.g., self on AV, network, factory, context, etc.). Several triggers may be defined to change AV operation from one state to another, and thereby change the wireless connectivity features that should be made available. An AV in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may constantly monitor the quality of each service or application that is being provided by the AV (e.g., in terms of quality of service (QoS) or quality of end-user experience (QoE)), and may automatically adapt the amount of bandwidth/capacity, the type(s) of communication technologies, and/or the times slots allocated to provide wireless connectivity used to feed each service or application.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates an example architecture of a system 500 that may reside in an AV operating in a network of moving things, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example system 500 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 300, 400, and 600, discussed herein (e.g., MAPs, FAPs, etc.).

At any point in time, the example AV system 500 may support the air interfaces of any of a number of different communication technologies 501, using physical layer interfaces (PHY) 503 (and/or MAC layer interfaces) that may include, for example, Direct Short Range Communication (DSRC) (e.g., IEEE 802.11p), wireless cellular service (e.g., Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), “3G,” “4G,” Long Term Evolution (LTE), “5G”), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad), Ethernet, etc.). The available communication technologies may be used to fulfill different communication requirements of the services and/or application running on the AV system 500 including, for example, throughput/bandwidth requirements, delay/latency requirements, data security requirements, and communication range (i.e., physical distance) requirements. The example AV system 500 illustrated in FIG. 5 includes a number of different functional blocks including a network access control (NAC) block 502 that comprises a physical layer interface (PHY) block 503, a network access monitor block 504, and a routing block 505. The AV system 500 also comprises a connection manager block 506, and a service manager block 507 that communicates with services Service 1 511, Service 2 512, and Service n 513. Note that a block may also be referred to herein as a module.

The network access control (NAC) block 502 of FIG. 5 represents the functionality of the low-level, system layer that manages and monitors communication channel access for each communication technology. The PHY block 503 of the NAC block 502 may be responsible for translating each communication requirement from the network access monitor 504 to features of a specific wireless communication standard covering a certain wireless communication technology.

The network access monitor block 504 of FIG. 5 represents functionality that monitors and selects which configuration is to be applied to each available communication technology. Each communication technology may be configured in a specific way, depending on the device in use. The network access monitor block 504 may interact directly with the PHY block 503, based on requests issued by the connection manager block 506. A “successful” configuration is a configuration for which the PHY block 503 returns a “success” indication, upon the configuration being applied by the network access monitor block 506. The network access monitor block 504 may, for example, keep track of the current status (e.g., channel availability, channel load, signal strength, number of end-users currently connected, etc.) of each communication channel of each communication technology. The network access monitor block 504 may also be responsible for notifying the routing block 505 about new successful configurations, so that the routing block 505 may act upon the known new configurations, and may enable Internet Protocol (IP) routing if needed. For example, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, a network access monitor (e.g., network access monitor block 504) may report to a higher protocol layer that a new neighbor is offering Internet access via a certain communication technology (e.g., DSRC) using a particular “channel” (e.g., channel 180). The higher protocol layer may, at some future time, request a connection via the Internet access capability of the new neighbor. In such a situation, the network access monitor may request that the PHY (e.g., PHY block 503) provide a configuration of a device to enable use of the certain communication technology (e.g., DSRC) via the particular channel (e.g., channel 180). If a device capable of employing the certain communication technology (e.g., DSRC) is able to be configured to operate on the particular channel (e.g., channel 180), the PHY (e.g., PHY block 503) may then return an indication of “success” to the network access monitor (e.g., network access monitor 504), which then reports to the higher protocol layer that the request was applied successfully.

In accordance with various aspects of the present invention, the connection manager block 506 may act on requests from the service manager block 507, and may make use of communication technology availability and current status information reported by network access monitor block 504. The connection manager block 506 may signal back to the service manager block 507, the establishment of a requested connection to a specific service. The connection manager block 506 may handle the networking part of the system configuration for a specific wireless connection, allowing the system to use a certain communication technology/communication channel. The connection manager block 506 may also provide a way for the service manager block 507 to request of the connection manager block 506 that, for example, a certain fixed access point (FAP) be “blacklisted,” or that availability of a specific communication technology be ignored, even if the network access monitor block 504 has reported that specific communication technology as available (e.g., valid).

The service manager block 507 of FIG. 5 may, for example, react to the registration of a new service profile 508, 509, 510 of a corresponding Service 1 511, Service 2 512, or Service n 513, by translating the new service profile 508, 509, 510 into the form of a request to the connection manager block 506. Such a request for a Service 511, 512, 513 may, for example, identify a specific communication technology that is to be used with the requested service including, for example, the use of DSRC emergency messages using WAVE Short Message Protocol (WSMP) (e.g., IEEE std 1609.3), and/or specific communication channel configuration characteristics. In addition, a new service may specify the configuration for a specific communication technology. Such configuration parameters/information/characteristics may include, by way of example and not limitation (in the case of DSRC), an operating channel (e.g., channel 180), a maximum transmission power (e.g., 23 dBm), a data rate (e.g., a relative data rate of 9 Mbps). Additional examples of configuration parameters, information, characteristics for DSRC may be found in, for example, IEEE std 1609.4. Configuration parameters/information/characteristics for other communication technologies such as, for example, Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/af) may also include a specification of radio frequency channel, as well of security methods (e.g., WEP, WPA, WPA2, etc.) There are many ways for specifying the type of communication connection a specific service (511, 512, 513) needs.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, various types of communication connections may include, for example, a delay tolerant connection where, for example, the service 511, 512, 513 wanting to use the network is able to wait until a suitable communication is available (e.g., when a stable connection is available, or when network congestion is at a minimum) at some point in the future. This may be possible because the data to be transferred has already been generated and stored at the AV, and may be transferred later when availability of a suitable communication connection with acceptable communication conditions has been verified and signaled by the connection manager block 506. Example systems and method aspects for delay tolerant network may, for example, be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/353,966, filed Nov. 17, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things, for Example Including a Network of Autonomous Vehicles,” the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the various types of communication connections may also include, for example, a connection that provides immediate access. This may be employed where, for example, a specific service (e.g., Service 1 511, Service 2 512, Service n 513) wants a communication connection to a destination, no matter what type of communication technology will be used by the connection manager. This may also be referred to herein as a “don't care” connection, in that the nature of the data to be communicated is such that the service requesting the communication connection doesn't care about the characteristics (e.g., cost, capacity) of the connection. For example, a service that monitors the Cloud for new configuration updates or software updates might not be concerned about the type of communication technology used for performing such a monitoring action. Such a monitoring action by an AV might not be delay tolerant, in that the service may require an immediate answer.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the various types of communication connections may include, for example, a need for “strict immediate access” in which the Service 1 511, Service 2 512, and/or Service n 513 that requests that the communication connect satisfy a number of strict demands regarding a communication connection. Some examples of such demands may include, by way of example and not limitation, the use of a specific communication technology, or a communication technology that meets some or all of the requirements discussed herein. Such demands may then be passed to the connection manager block 506 that, among other responsibilities, may identify an available communication connection that fulfills all of the requirements of the requesting service. One example of a service that may have a need for “strict immediate access” may be an “emergency” service that requires a stable communication connection, with low latency/delay, but does not require a communication path having high throughput/bandwidth. Another example of a service that may have a need for “strict immediate access” is a service that has need for access to the Internet, having a goal of a certain limit (i.e., depending on the profile for the service) for a maximum delay/latency and a reasonable throughput, so that end-users have a good QoE.

There are other additional types of demands that a service may pass to the service manager block 507 within the profile for the service (e.g., service profiles 508, 509, 510) including, for example, service priority, communication protocol type (e.g., WSMP, IP, all), security (e.g., none, Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), WPA2, IPsec, etc.), target identifier (e.g., media access control (MAC) address), location related inputs (e.g., a specific range of distance, a geo-fence that defines regions in which to allow or disallow wireless communication, etc.), wireless communication technology (e.g., one or more of, or all of DSRC, wireless cellular service (e.g., CDMA, TDMA, UMTS, GSM, “3G,” “4G,” LTE, “5G”), Bluetooth, and/or Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad), and/or response time (e.g., an amount of time to be permitted with a connection (e.g., a request expiry time)).

A service manager of each AV, such as the service manager block 507 of FIG. 5, may share the global context of an AV at a particular point in time. An AV global context may include what may be referred to herein as an AV context mode and an AV context state. An AV context mode may include, for example, transportation mode (e.g., when the AV is transporting people and/or goods), charging mode (e.g., when the AV is stopped and is in the process of charging the batteries of the AV), parked mode (e.g., when the AV is stationary in a parking location, waiting on a new job or activity), moving mode (e.g., the AV just finished its most recent job/activity and does not yet have a new job/activity, so the AV will seek a parking location and/or the AV is approaching the starting point for new job/activity (e.g., picking up something and/or someone)), and offline/idle mode (e.g., not in any other mode). An AV context state may include, for example, a context state in which the AV acts as an Internet service provider (i.e., “Internet”), a context state in which the AV performs sensor data acquisition (i.e., “data sensing”), a context state in which the AV acts as a “middle node” (e.g., extending connectivity to others by routing data), and a context state in which the AV is handling an emergency (i.e., “emergency”).

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, a service manager of each AV system, such as the example service manager block 507 of FIG. 5, may use information shared by each neighbor node to decide how to take advantage of each one of them at a certain moment in time. The context monitor block 521 of FIG. 5 is a sub-block of the service manager block 507, and may, in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure, handle some or all of the AV context input coming from the network and from a feedback service 518 of FIG. 5, thus allowing the AV to then control its context mode and context state, as discussed herein. The following is an example of how an AV in accordance with the present disclosure may handle the information coming from local neighbors (e.g., neighbor AVs, neighbor nodes in general, etc.).

In such a scenario, a first service manager (e.g., service manager block 507) of a first AV may be requested to provide Internet access, and may receive information from a context monitor of two neighbor AVs, where the first neighbor AV is parked as a “middle node,” and the second neighbor AV is transporting people while providing Internet access. The context monitor (e.g., context monitor block 521) of the first neighbor AV may act by signaling to the first AV that the service manager (e.g., service manager 507) should ask the connection manager (e.g., connection manager block 506) of the first AV to select the first neighbor AV as its next hop, since the first neighbor AV has a greater probability of getting a good backhaul connection to the Internet. Besides local information, the feedback service (e.g., feedback service block 518) may, for example, also receive a request from the operator/owner of the first AV and the first and second neighbor AVs (e.g., a fleet owner), requesting that the first AV change its context mode to “charging mode.” Upon reception of such request, the feedback service (e.g., feedback service block 518) of the first AV may notify the context monitor (e.g., context monitor block 521) of the first AV, acting accordingly.

As discussed herein, the term “service” may be used to refer to an entity that is willing to use the AV system in order to send data throughout the network that connects AVs. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, each service (e.g., Service 1 511, Service 2 512, Service n 513 of FIG. 5) may have a corresponding service profile (e.g., profiles 508, 509, 510, respectively) that may comprise a number of metadata items/elements that identify/describe the service. One or more example metadata items/elements have already been discussed herein, for example, the “service type.” The profile for a service may also, for example, include a metadata item/element that identifies the “protocol type” to be used during communication, which may limit the communication technology or the number of communication channels available. WSMP and IP are examples of protocols that have restrictions for some standards. For example, WSMP may only be transmitted in its pure form via a DSRC wireless link. Therefore, a service attempting to send a WSMP message when no DSRC link is available may find that the WSMP message is dropped or is encapsulated in IP frames. In the case of such encapsulation, the connection manager (e.g., connection manager block 506) may be forced to establish a tunnel for WSMP-IP transfer between the current network node (e.g., AV) and the target network node. In such a situation, the identity of the target node may also be one metadata item/element in the service profile, so the service manager may pass that information to the connection manager as part of the request. IP frames may be transmitted via DSRC with some restrictions, which may vary depending on the regulations of each country. For example, all current standards for DSRC (e.g., 5.9 GHz—IEEE-802.11, IEEE std 1609.x, and the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)) prohibit the use of IP frames on the control channel. So, for a system where DSRC is only available on the control channel, it may be necessary to send IP frames over other technologies, such as cellular, being that DSRC is not available.

Another example metadata item/element that may be required to be present in the service profile is “service priority.” A service manager may use the service priority to set/adjust the bandwidth available for a specific service, depending on the implementation. For example, a high-priority service may get full channel bandwidth, while a lower priority service may share channel bandwidth with another lower priority service. Additional information about what is referred to as “alternate channel access” may be found in, for example, IEEE std 1609.4. As discussed herein, an “emergency” service may be handled with the highest priority compared, for example, to a “data logging” service. For a service having a service priority of “emergency,” the service manager may make sure that no other service is going to interfere with it, being that the “emergency” service has the highest priority. For example, any service using the system for low latency communication may be shut off so that the emergency service may use the system at its full performance. Even though service priority may be processed as a strong input to the service manager, a service with a relatively lower service priority may ultimately be prioritized higher than a service having a relatively higher service priority, for example if the service manager (e.g., service manager block 507) concludes there are currently no conditions that enable the relatively higher priority service to run. For example, a service that offers Wi-Fi, in-vehicle access to an Internet connection may be idle, if no end-users are currently detected as accessing that service. In this case, the relatively higher priority service may acquire a communication channel as soon as an end-user registers (e.g., finishes authentication) itself on the Wi-Fi side.

The feedback block 518 of FIG. 5 represents functionality that may be viewed as a “special” service (e.g., feedback block 518 may be considered to be “service 0”) that gathers feedback 521, 522, 523 from local services 511, 512, 513, and may manage a local data source 519 (e.g., a sensor device such as GNSS/GPS) that feeds the service manager 507 with information that may be used for deciding, in close proximity to the connection manager block 506, which communication connection may be a better choice for a specific service of the AV. The feedback block 518 may, for example, have its own service profile, and may communicate via a communication link 520 with the Cloud 517, to gather remotely located historical information stored on a data base at the Cloud 517. Such information may then be fed to the service manager block 507 as input 519. An example of such a local data source being employed with remotely accessible historical information is the use of local GNSS/GPS information coming from a local service (e.g., a GNSS/GPS receiver of an AV) being used together with remotely located, historical information (e.g., at Cloud 517), from which a probability of a successful wireless connection of a network node (e.g., the AV) to a fixed AP (not shown) at or near a specific geographic location/area, may be derived. Using such information, the service manager block 507 may decide whether or not to request the connection manager 506 to “blacklist” the fixed AP.

It should be noted that the discussion herein is provided as an example of the use of a service profile, and is not intended to be limiting in any way, as many other, different examples fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating how the functional blocks of an AV system interact with one another during an example flow of information involving an AV system 608 of an autonomous vehicle 603, a neighbor autonomous vehicle 605, a fixed access point 607, and a Cloud 617 accessible via the Internet 601, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The functional blocks of the AV system 608 of FIG. 6 may correspond to, for example, similarly named functional blocks of the AV system 500 of FIG. 5, described in detail herein. The example system or network 600 may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, systems, networks and/or network components 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500, discussed herein.

The illustration of FIG. 6 shows a first network node, the AV system of the AV 603, communicatively coupled via a DSRC link 604 to a second network node, the AV system of AV 605, which is communicatively coupled via a DSRC link 606 to a third network node, fixed AP 607. The fixed AP 607, as shown in FIG. 6, is communicatively coupled to the Internet 601 via an Ethernet connection 610. As also shown in FIG. 6, the AV systems of the AVs 603, 605 may detect one another as neighbors using the DSRC links 604, 606, 609. The numbers within the ten numbered circles in the illustration of the AV system 608 of FIG. 6 represent the order of an example sequence of actions/steps performed by the functional blocks of the AV system 608, as described in further detail, below.

At action/step 1, the physical layer interface (PHY) block of the AV system 608 may provide information about any wireless networks that the PHY has detected to the network access monitor block, thereby making the network access monitor block aware of the neighbor AV 605, the fixed AP 607, and the characteristics/conditions of the corresponding wireless (e.g., DSRC) links 604, 609. Such characteristics/conditions may include, for example, information about message/packet latency/delay to the Internet through both of wireless links 604, 609, throughput/bandwidth available via the wireless links 604, 609 to both of the neighbor AV 605 and the fixed AP 607, and the maximum communication range determined by the communication technology. The PHY block may also report to the network access monitor block that a cellular network connection 602 is available, and that, for example, the cellular network connection 602 has a relatively higher latency and a relative lower throughput than the DSRC wireless links 604, 609.

Next, at action/step 2, the network access monitor block may report to the connection manager block of the AV system 608 that Internet access is available via DSRC wireless links 604, 609 via two different neighbor nodes (i.e., neighbor AV 605 and fixed AP 607), and that a cellular connection is available.

Then, at action/step 3, the connection manager may signal the service manager of the AV system 608, indicating that a connection to the Internet is possible, both through DSRC wireless links (e.g., wireless links 604, 609) and a cellular network (e.g., cellular network 602).

At action/step 4, a service block that is configured and able to provide Internet access to Wi-Fi end-users inside the AV 603 (“INTERNET”) may request use of a suitable communication connection by passing the service profile of the “INTERNET” service, to the service manager block of the AV system 608. The service profile of the “INTERNET” service may include, for example, metadata items/elements representing values for the maximum acceptable communication link latency/delay and the minimum acceptable communication link throughput/bandwidth, and may include, for example, metadata items/elements indicating a service type of “strict immediate access” and a service priority of “high.”

At action/step 5 of the example, another service block (“CONFIG”) may, at or about the same time as action/step 4, attempt to communicate with a resource located in the Cloud 617, in order to check whether a new configuration update is available for the AV system 608. The “CONFIG” service block may send a request to the service manager block of the AV system 608, requesting a communication connection, and may pass the service profile of the “CONFIG” service block to the service manager block. The service profile sent by the “CONFIG” service block may, for example, include metadata items/elements indicating that the service type of the “CONFIG” service block is “don't care” immediate access, and that the service priority is “low.”

Next, at action/step 6, the feedback service block (“FEEDBACK”) of the AV system 608 may receive historical data from, for example, the Cloud 617. The received historical data may, for example, indicate that the quality of wireless communication between a network node (e.g., AV system 608 that resides in AV 603) and the fixed AP 607 of FIG. 6 is typically degraded in the specific geographic area at which the AV 603 (in which AV system 608 is installed) is currently located. In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, the feedback service block of AV 608 may, for example, confirm the indications of the historical data upon detecting loss/degradation of wireless communication with fixed AP 607 using, for example, location information received from a GNSS/GPS service (“GPS”) block. The feedback service block may, for example, pass such information to the service manager block of AV system 608.

At action/step 7, the service manager block may request the connection manager block to ignore (e.g., “blacklist”) the fixed AP 607, and may establish a connection for the highest priority service, the Internet provider service block “INTERNET”, through wireless link 604 to the network node located in neighbor AV 605.

Next, at action/step 8, the connection manager block of AV system 608 may request the network access monitor block to perform a channel configuration, in order to match the communication link conditions of the AV system 608 to those of the AV system of AV 605.

At action/step 9, the network access manager block of AV system 608 may translate the request from the connection manager block to perform a channel configuration, into the application of channel configurations to the DSRC communication technology, by requesting the PHY block of the AV system 608 to establish a wireless connection between the network node (e.g., the AV system 608) of AV 603 and the network node 605 (e.g., the AV system of the AV 605).

At action/step 10, the network access monitor block of the AV system 608 may request the routing block to route the data traffic generated/coming from the “INTERNET” service block to the Internet via the neighboring AV 605, since the neighbor AV 605 because the AV 605 has been advertising to other AVs/network nodes that the AV 605 is providing access to the Internet. Along with a physical channel configuration (e.g., a configuration of a communication technology) that an AV (e.g., AV 605) is using, the AV may report the IP configuration that is to be used for routing purposes over the network. Additional details may be found, for example, in IEEE std 1609.3. Such information may either be part of a WAVE Service Advertisement (WSA) “routing part”, or another, possibly “vendor-specific frame” that comprises IP information needed for other network entities to connect/route their data traffic through the neighboring AV network node that is advertising Internet access.

In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, all functional blocks of the above sequence of actions/steps may signal an acknowledgement back to the previous block in the sequence (i.e., “up the chain”), upon success or error in performing the indicated action/step, including signaling by the service manager block to each affected service block. Such signaling may be used to indicate whether the connection has or has not been successfully established, and whether communication according to a particular response time, has or has not been established.

In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, once a communication connection request for the currently highest priority service (e.g., in this example, “INTERNET”) has been completed, the service manager block may then select a pending communication connection request for a service having a service priority that is the next service priority lower than that of the service for which a communication connection was just established (i.e., the next-highest priority service). In the current example, the establishment of a communication connection for the configuration update service (“CONFIG”) would be the next request processed after the request for connection of the highest priority service (i.e., “INTERNET”). In processing that connection request, the service manager of an AV system (e.g., AV system 608), when performing actions/steps 7, 8, 9, and 10 may request that lower blocks in the chain of functional blocks (e.g., the connection manager block, network access monitor block, routing block, and PHY block) connect and route the data traffic coming from the configuration update service block (“CONFIG”) to a cellular network connection, and to not disturb the established (e.g., DSRC) communication connection of the higher priority service (“INTERNET”). Note that the example just presented is only one example of updating, which may be performed in any of a variety of manners. For example, additional examples of systems and method for performing software and/or configuration updating are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/157,887, filed on May 18, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/138,370, filed on Apr. 26, 2016, and titled, “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things;” U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/378,269, filed Aug. 23, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Flexible Software Update in a Network of Moving Things;” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/376,955, filed Aug. 19, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Reliable Software Update in a Network of Moving Things;” the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Generally speaking, an autonomous vehicle (AV) may need a great deal of data, either generated by the AV or received from other entities such as, for example, the Cloud, other vehicles, various networks, etc. As explained above, “Cloud” may be used as a shorthand term for one or more servers that are part of a network. Cloud may refer to the Internet in general, as well as to private networks, which may be connected to the Internet or which may be separate from the Internet. Accordingly, “Cloud” may refer to one or more servers of a network such as, for example, a network for serving a fleet of vehicles whether they are non-autonomous vehicles or AVs. While various aspects of the disclosure may refer to autonomous vehicles as well as non-autonomous vehicles, for the sake of simplicity, vehicles in this disclosure will generally be referred to as autonomous vehicles (AVs) with the understanding that various aspects of the disclosure are not limited just to AVs.

Sensors from the AVs as well as a network of sensors and/or servers related to traffic monitoring may provide information regarding the AVs and the environment around the AVs as well as general traffic conditions. A network of sensors and/or servers related to transportation infrastructure may provide, for example, information on road repairs, road blockages, street light outages, traffic light malfunctions, etc. The traffic monitoring network and the transportation infrastructure may be interconnected or the same entity. Another network may be, for example, a communication network with fixed access points (FAPs). These networks may have one or more sensors such as, for example, cameras, speed detectors, motion detectors, allergen detectors, light detectors, gas detectors, etc. The light detectors may be used, for example, to get a general idea of haziness of the atmosphere. The gas detectors may detect, for example, natural gas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, various nitrogen oxide gases, etc. The allergen detector may detect pollen and/or other types of allergens in the air.

Accordingly, as an AV relies on a wide range of data, various programs or applications running in the AV may be said to have dependencies on some set(s) of data. A dependency may be a set of applications or variables needed for context creation when running a specific task, and, therefore, may infer context and influence decisions. To keep the processing of data more manageable, the areas of interest may be restricted geographically. For example, an area of interest may vary in size from intersections on roads, to parking garages, to a downtown area of a city, etc. The size of an area of interest may depend on, for example, the number of vehicles in the area of interest and/or sources of information in the area of interest.

Specifically, for mobile vehicles such as AVs, for example, context and location aware information for an area of interest may need to be kept even when an AV leaves the area of interest. The same borders that define the areas of interest may allow the creation of information maps or blueprints that may, when combined, create larger maps of connected areas of interest. In some embodiments, some adjacent areas of interest may be kept to a similar size. An example of where this may be useful may be, for example, where the adjacent areas of interest have similar characteristics in the average density of vehicles per unit of time, number of FAPs, etc.

Accordingly, to make good use of the information from the areas of interest, relevant outputs such as, for example, maps, extended statistics, events, etc., may be generated from various sensor data (including, for example, camera data) collected by AVs inside a well-defined area of interest. An area of interest may also need to be capable of dealing with failure of content collection and storage. This may be due to, for example, an AV leaving the area of interest, an AV having communication problems, lack of AV(s) for covering a portion of the area of interest, etc. Similarly, if FAPs are used as information sources or recipients, then a FAP failure may also need to be taken into account.

Accordingly, a model may be useful where network nodes such as, for example, AVs, fixed APs, Cloud, etc., may assume different roles in cooperating to maximize the network content availability of data and metrics, and to feed a more complex system capable of producing more accurate context snapshots for making decisions such as, for example, whether an AV may modify its route to avoid a locally congested area.

An example of a data pipeline system for implementing various embodiments of the disclosure may comprise, for example, observation and collection, partitioning, aggregation and storage, and processing and output generation. Each node in an area of interest may assume a duty that may depend on its unique characteristics. For example, data sources may be sensors (which may include, for example, cameras), etc. that may be connected to the Internet and/or other communication networks. Autonomous vehicles may influence the size of the area of interest that may vary from a street intersection, a city block or blocks, an entire city, a county, a state, etc., depending on the amount of data available in the area of interest, the amount of processing power available to process the data, the similarity of context for the various data, etc.

Stationary communication sites such as FAPs may act as reliability anchors that hold local/proximity knowledge and may have a fiber backhaul for reliable communication with other stationary communication sites for one or more communication networks, servers such as Cloud server(s), databases, AVs, and the Internet.

The Cloud may oversee one or more areas of interest with the capability to have, for example, global knowledge rather than local knowledge since it may have access to various information from all nodes in the area(s) of interest. Accordingly, the Cloud may have global, real time view of all fiber connected nodes and flexible storage capacity for storing data.

Data observation and collection may be divided into, for example, an active process or a reactive process. An active process may be defined as, for example, setting a sensor such as a camera with the intent of capturing specific events. For example, an intersection that may have an increase in traffic accident rate may be covered by a camera to gather information to determine the cause of the increase in the traffic accident rate. A reactive process may use data from camera(s)/sensor(s) not specifically trained at that intersection that may peripherally gather information, or may provide further context regarding the approach of the vehicle(s) involved in an accident. The reactive data gathering process may also use information from AV camera(s) that may happen be near the intersection and was able to capture the event of interest. This may provide additional information that may not have been available from the active process.

The active/reactive data gathering may also be related to assuming positioning, or static versus moving platforms for gathering the video or sensor data. A video camera or a sensor installed in a specific location may be due to planning and validation for certain types of information such as, for example, angle of view. Accordingly, the location may be labeled as an optimal location or at least the best available location. This decision may confine the sensor in its range/scope, and future changes may be made in the location and/or angle of the camera/sensor, or supplement the camera/sensor with other camera(s) and/or sensor(s).

The reactive process described above may include, as described, taking advantage of moving platforms such as AVs near a particular area, where the sensors and cameras on the AV may be used to opportunistically scan the current location and collect information without prior knowledge or context. Or, for example, additional sensor(s)/camera(s) may be installed by a fleet manager, or with the cooperation of the fleet manager, on one or more AV(s) that may be part of the fleet. The AVs so affected may have routes that routinely go past the location(s) of interest. This type of information gathering may allow post processing tools to decide if the additional information is relevant for a specific analysis. This type of information gathering may also be used to determine whether a fixed camera(s)/sensor(s) for the active process may be needed.

Although there may be an initial cost, the static and fiber connected sensors/cameras may provide ongoing live feeds to the Cloud at lower ongoing costs. Both alternatives, static and mobile platforms, may be used to achieve a balance to optimally address current and future challenges.

Considering the amount of data generated during the collection stage, data partitioning may need to be enforced over the network. This may be done with, for example, context and geographic location as a relevance indicator, where a special key may index each area of interest. In order to do that, a map of a region may be divided to a number of areas so that each area may contain information about itself as well as information that provides context about the neighbors.

Accordingly, an area of interest may be identified by a notation pair of a spatial key and data, and a node may be responsible for storing data from the area of interest where it operates and/or neighboring areas of interest. Stored data may, therefore, be an aggregation of information collected by a node and information from neighbors inside the same area of interest or adjacent area(s) of interest.

A particular node may be assigned as a data keeper because of its high demand for certain type(s) of data. Accordingly, it may be more efficient to have that node be in charge of keeping that type of data and being responsible for sharing the data inside the area of interest, or with its neighboring nodes. A node may also be assigned as a data keeper due to its fixed location.

Accordingly, a solution to cover a given area of interest may be achieved by matching the available resources with the needs of the nodes. This is discussed further with respect to FIGS. 7 to 9.

An advantage to storing information within the areas of interest where the information is likely to be needed may be that information may be processed by the local nodes while reducing network traffic in moving the information to the Cloud and back. The local nodes that may process the information may be, for example, AVs operating or parked in that area of interest, fixed APs, etc., instead of the Cloud.

As an example, after identifying a need for a metric that may not be generated presently, nodes may apply a provided function, or run a script or query. Accordingly, an on demand approach may be achieved and current needs may be fulfilled without predefinition or a priori configuration. The network may thus have the capability to react to change and provide insightful information to nodes that join the network in the search for information or resources.

The processed output may be stored for further analysis, be provided to another node that may have a need for it, or be discarded. Whether to discard or not may depend on, for example, the complexity of the processing task, the amount of output that may be generated, etc. The output that is stored may also be discarded after a certain time-out period that may depend on, for example, the factors that may be involved in the original decision to keep it, as well as the number of requests for that output.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an example of a first type of area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a region 700 comprising nine areas of interest 710-790, where the areas of interest are similar in size and shape according to this example illustration. Each area of interest may have four nodes, which may be, for example, AVs. For example, the area of interest 710 may have the nodes 711, 713, 715, and 717.

Each area of interest may comprise, for example, a high density environment where redundancy within the area of interest may be achieved with four AVs that never leave the area of interest. Those AVs may collectively own information from their area of interest, as well as from adjacent areas of interest. For example, the area of interest 750 may share information with its neighboring areas of interest 720, 740, 760, and 780. For example, the node 751 of the area of interest 750 exchanging information with the node 725 of the area of interest 720, the node 753 of the area of interest 750 may exchange information with the node 747 of the area of interest 740, the node 755 of the area of interest 750 may exchange information with the node 781 of the area of interest 780, and the node 757 of the area of interest 750 may exchange information with the node 763 of the area of interest 760.

Accordingly, the nodes inside an area of interest may collectively have information collected inside its area of interest and the information from neighboring areas of interest. Depending on a scenario, the information may be spread out among the nodes of an area of interest, or one or more nodes in an area of interest may have information other than those it collected or it received from its neighboring area of interest. Also, in addition to sharing resources with its neighbor, a node may also collect information in the neighboring area(s) of interest. This may be done opportunistically or to supplement resources in the neighboring area(s) of interest.

When a node stops operating in a specific area of interest due to an anomaly, or because it is an AV and it leaves the area of interest, a new AV may replace it and the global vehicle formation may be kept intact. The remaining nodes may be able to identify that another node is missing and act to replace it in order to rebalance and harmonize the system. The mobile nodes may also be rearranged to cover the missing node until a replacement node is found. A mobile node may generally be selected for the amount of time when it can remain in the preferred node location.

While the nodes in the square areas of interest are shown as being along the sides of the areas of interest, it should be noted that this is only an example shown for ease of description. Various embodiments of the disclosure need not be limited to any specific shape for an area of interest, nor to a particular placement of a node at any specific part of the node. For example, still using the example of square areas of interest, fixed nodes may be placed at the corners, and information may be exchanged with more than one neighboring area of interest. Mobile nodes may be in a formation that effectively covers the area of interest even as each node in the formation is moving. A particular node may exchange information with more areas of interest than another node depending on, for example, the capabilities of each node with respect to communication, processing, storage capacity, etc. A mobile node (an AV) may also be used as a fixed node when it is parked for some period of time.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of an example of a second type of area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a region 800 comprising nine areas of interest 710-790, where the areas of interest are similar in size and shape according to this example illustration. Each area of interest may have four nodes, which may be, for example, AVs. The areas of interest 710-790 may be similar to the areas of interest shown in FIG. 7 except that the center area of interest 750 does not have any nodes along its perimeter. Instead, the area of interest 750 may have a FAP 802 as a node.

The FAP 802 may have direct communication with at least all AVs in its area of interest 750, and may have a fiber link that allows it to communicate with other static nodes, Internet connect sensors, and/or the Cloud. Accordingly, this configuration may obviate the need for multiple vehicle nodes inside the area of interest. However, when an area of interest is large enough, several FAPs may be needed and/or mobile nodes may be used to supplement the FAP(s). The FAP 802 may also leverage the nodes in the neighboring areas of interest to multi-hop information to other destinations, as well as receiving information from the nodes in the neighboring areas of interest. This configuration with just one fixed node may have a lower intervention range than a configuration with mobile nodes (APs) since the range of the FAP 802 is fixed while AVs that can move to other regions of the area of interest can be used as nodes. A trait of a fixed node (FAP) may be the capacity to connect the area of interest with the Internet via fiber.

FIG. 9 is an illustration of an example of a third type of area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 9, there may be a vacant area of interest where all or portions of the area may not be able to be accessed, or the cost of having AVs operating inside the area of interest or installing a FAP or additional FAP(s) as a node in the area of interest may not justify the investment. In such circumstances, AVs in the neighboring areas of interest may form an overlay network for information gathering and sharing. The example overlay network 902 of FIG. 9 may surround the vacant area of interest 750 and comprise the nodes 723, 725, and 727 of the area of interest 720, the nodes 715 and 717 of the area of interest 710. The example overlay network 902 may further comprise the nodes 741, 745, and 747 of the area of interest 740, the nodes 771 and 777 of the area of interest 770, the nodes 781, 783, and 787 of the area of interest 780, the nodes 791 and 793 of the area of interest 790, the nodes 761, 763, and 765 of the area of interest 760, and the nodes 733 and 735 of the area of interest 730.

The overlay network of nodes (or monitoring AVs) may, for example, monitor the borders of the vacant area of interest. The overlay network nodes may do this by gathering and/or extrapolating the state of the vacant area of interest based on, for example, AVs that are within its communication range. These AVs may be, for example, entering and leaving the vacant area of interest or are traveling within the vacant area of interest. For example, the overlay network nodes may receive information from the AVs that have left the vacant area of interest. The received information may then be shared with other overlay network nodes. The direction of travel by appropriate AVs to monitor the vacant area of interest may be selected, for example, so that they are all traveling in the same direction to allow for efficient coverage. However, AVs that are traveling in different directions may be used.

The example overlay network 902 may opportunistically use available AVs traveling in any direction that may help cover the vacant area of interest 750. The extent of gap(s) in the coverage by FAPs or other nodes, and the capabilities of the monitoring AVs (e.g., quality of communication, processing power available, storage space available, etc.) may dictate the number of AVs needed. The information may also be collected by AVs moving between neighboring regions, communication between FAPs, and historical analysis.

Various embodiments of the disclosure may allow replacing centralized decision making by, for example, the Cloud, with a decentralized solution with context awareness, thereby allowing multiple applications to execute even if they share the same dependency. Accordingly, the necessary information for a decision making process may be available locally for the decision making entity or entities. Therefore, knowledge base construction may be made on a system level with system level guarantees by local entities with local information redundancy.

As noted, various functionalities of the nodes in an area of interest may be directed centrally by, for example, the Cloud and/or locally by the nodes. This may include, for example, selection of a new node in an area of interest. The new node may be selected by one or more of the existing nodes. Various embodiments may allow use of one or more algorithms that may depend on different variables including, for example, access to the Cloud, access to other nodes, network congestion, etc. The use of an algorithm may be design and/or implementation dependent.

FIG. 10 shows an example block diagram of a processing module for use in a vehicle, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 10, there is shown a processing module 1000 that may be present in a vehicle. All or portions of the processing module 1000 may be an original part of a vehicle such as, for example, any of the AVs described previously, or may be installed after the vehicle was manufactured. The processing module 1000 may be used for one or more of the various functionalities previously described.

The processing module 1000 may comprise, for example, a processor 1010, memory 1020, a communication interface 1030, and an TO interface 1040. The processor 1010 may be a dedicated processor for controlling at least a portion of a vehicle, and the processor 1010 may also operate in concert with one or more other processors that may also control at least a portion of a vehicle and/or assist in the operation of a vehicle. For example, the various communication interfaces for the different standards may each have a separate processor or may share a processor. The processor 1010 may also be used for processing data to provide useful output such as, for example, maps, extended statistics, events, etc.

The memory 1020 may include non-volatile memory 1026 and volatile memory 1028. The storage space for holding local data and/or data from other entities may be part of the memory 1020 or comprise separate memory. The operating system 1022 and the applications 1024 may be stored in, for example, the non-volatile memory 1026, and may be copied to volatile memory 1028 for execution. Various embodiments of the disclosure may use different memory architectures that are design and/or implementation dependent.

The communication interface 1030 may allow the processing module 1000 to communicate with other devices via, for example, a wired protocol such as USB, Ethernet, Firewire, etc., or a wireless protocol such as Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC), Wi-Fi, cellular, etc. The various types of radios for communication may be referred to as a transceiver for the sake of simplicity. The communication may be, for example, with various sensors and/or devices that can relay sensor data. The communication may also be with, for example, with the Cloud and/or one or more system servers.

The processing module 1000 may also comprise the IO module 1040 for communication with a user via the input devices 1042 and output information to be displayed on output devices 1044. The input devices 1042 may comprise, for example, buttons, touch sensitive screen, which may be a part of a display, a microphone, etc. In some configurations, the input devices 1042 may also be considered to include various sensors of an AV. The output devices 1044 may comprise, for example, the display, a speaker, LEDs, etc.

The processor 1010 may operate using different architectures in different embodiments. For example, the processor 1010 may use the memory 1020 to store instructions to execute, or the processor 1010 may have its own memory (not shown) for its instructions. Furthermore, various embodiments may have the processor 1010 work in concert with other processors in the vehicle in which the processing module 1000 is located. Various embodiments may also allow any of the processors to work individually.

Various embodiments may use other architectures where the different functionalities may be grouped differently. For example, the grouping may be in different integrated circuit chips. Or the grouping may combine different devices such as the IO module 1040 and the communication interface 1030 together, etc.

The nodes in an area of interest may use the capabilities of the processing module 1000 for their various functionalities as described above with respect to at least FIGS. 7-9, and also as described in the example cases below with respect to FIGS. 11-14.

Also, while the processing module 1000 has been described with respect to AVs, similar processing modules may also be used in FAPs.

FIG. 11 is an example flow diagram of overview of nodes in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 11, there is shown the flow diagram 1100. In block 1102, when initially setting up nodes in an area of interest, a determination may be made as to the nodes that will be in the area of interest. For example, the number of nodes to set up may depend on different variables such as, for example, the number of FAPs and their locations, number of vehicles, number of AVs with appropriate processing power, storage capacity, and/or communication capability, the size and shape of the area of interest, the time of day, the route an AV is expected to take, etc.

There may be more nodes needed for gathering and communicating information during, for example, rush hour, or when a special event is occurring that draws more vehicles. The size and shape of the area of interest may determine the number of nodes. For example, a non-regular shape for the area of interest, which may have geographic obstructions (natural and/or man-made), may need more nodes to avoid communication blockages, or an event occurring in one region of the area of interest may require additional nodes. When the nodes are mobile AVs, the known routes of the AVs may be taken into account as explained earlier with respect to FIGS. 7-10. However, when an AV needs to deviate from its route, the number or placement of nodes may need to change to ensure that the area of interest is adequately covered.

The initial setting up of nodes may be performed by, for example, the Cloud. Once the nodes are set up, the maintenance of the network of nodes may be performed by the Cloud and/or the nodes themselves. The maintenance may include, for example, determining whether a specific node is no longer suitable to act as a node, and finding a replacement for that unsuitable node. If a replacement node is not found, then the nodes may rearrange themselves to cover the region that the unsuitable node had covered.

In block 1104, the nodes may start to gather data from its sensors and receive data from other nodes and or entities. For example, other entities such as, for example, electronic devices associated with infrastructure may provide traffic information and other general environmental information.

In block 1106, the gathered data may be shared with other nodes and/or the Cloud. Depending on the capabilities of the various nodes, some nodes may be used for processing, some nodes may be used for gathering data, some nodes may be used for storing data gathered by itself and/or other nodes, some nodes may be used for communicating its data and/or received data to other nodes and/or Cloud, and some nodes may be used for a combination of gathering, storing, processing, and/or communicating the data. Accordingly, gathered data may be shared with other nodes that are capable of processing, storing, and/or communicating the data.

In block 1108, the nodes may process the data to provide appropriate outputs needed by a node and/or other entities in the area of interest. The Cloud may also process the data when there is not appropriate processing power available among the nodes. However, even when there is appropriate processing power available among the nodes, the Cloud may provide additional processing and/or coordination of the processing, as well as storing data, and communicating various data to the nodes. The Cloud may also, for example, oversee the gathering of data, sharing the data, and processing the data. The gathered data may be processed to generate, for example, accurate maps of the area of interest, statistics regarding the area of interest, and an event list that may affect the area of interest. The statistics may comprise, for example, traffic patterns used for routing AVs through the area of interest. These processed outputs may be used by, for example, the nodes, the Cloud, and other entities that are able to communicate with the Cloud and/or the nodes.

While various descriptions may have been made as if the shape and size of an area of interest is static for the sake of ease of description, various embodiments of the disclosure need not be limited so. The size and/or shape of an area of interest may change as needs change.

Similarly, while the nodes may have been described as being static for the sake of simplicity in description, various embodiments of the disclosure need not be limited so. One or more of the nodes may be mobile such as, for example, AVs. When selecting mobile nodes, the routes of the mobile nodes may need to be taken into account to ensure that the regions of the area of interest are covered as needed. While it may be easier to select as nodes AVs that are all moving within a same pattern such as, for example, along a periphery of the area of interest, AVs that are moving in different directions may also be selected as nodes.

Also, it was described above that the Cloud will initially set up nodes in an area of interest. However, that does not preclude various entities communicating with each other to decide which of them will be nodes for an area of interest. An instance of when this may happen may be when, for example, the entities have not received communication from the Cloud regarding setting up nodes in an area of interest.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of an example of replacing a node in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 12, there is shown the flow diagram 1200. In block 1202, a node is detected as being unsuitable for further use as a node. This may be, for example, because the node is not able to collect the local data, is not able to receive the external data, and/or is not in the area of interest.

For example, when a portion of the sensors in a node is out of commission, it may be determined that the faulty node should be replaced by a healthy node. This may be because the faulty node is in a position where its local data may be useful. For example, the faulty node may be in a busy region of the area of interest during a busy period of the day. A node whose communication system does not have the bandwidth to communicate data to/from other nodes and/or entities may be deemed to be a faulty node. The lack of bandwidth may be due to, for example, hardware and/or software faults or due to excessive communication needs by that node. Also, a node that is an AV may move out of a region it was covering or out of the area of interest. Accordingly, another node may need to replace the original node.

In block 1204, once a faulty node is detected, a replacement node may be found to replace the faulty node. As described previously, various parameters may be used to select the replacement node. For example, the replacement node may need to have similar processing capability, similar storage space, similar communication capability, similar route if the replacement node is an AV. However, while similar or better capabilities may be desirable, tradeoffs may need to be made. For example, increased communication capability and increased storage capacity may outweigh decreased processing capability. Additionally, a mobile node may need to be replaced even if it is not moving out of the area of interest if it is moving away from a position that needs coverage. The position need not be an absolute position in the area of interest, but may be a relative position with respect to other nodes in the area of interest. This may be the case when, for example, several nodes are all in motion around a periphery of the area of interest. Therefore, while a given node may cover different regions of the area of interest as it travels its route, the various mobile nodes may together cover all of the area of interest as they move together.

In block 1206, when a new node is identified, the new node may be assigned to replace the faulty node.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of an example of rearranging nodes in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 13, there is shown the flow diagram 1300. In block 1302, an unsuitable node may be detected similarly as described with respect to FIG. 12. In block 1304, there may be a failure to locate a new node to replace the unsuitable node. This may be due to, for example, lack of entities that have the right capabilities, lack of AVs that have the desired route, or just a plain lack of entities. In that case, in block 1306, the remaining nodes may need to be adjusted, either relatively or absolutely, to cover the region that was covered by the now unsuitable node.

For example, the mobile nodes before and after the unsuitable node may be requested to spread out so that their region of coverage is bigger. Or, stationary nodes in other regions may be swapped with other nodes that may provide a slightly larger area of coverage for each node. Additionally, the regions may be redrawn and/or the area of interest may be redrawn.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of an example of determining an unsuitable node in an area of interest, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 14, there is shown the flow diagram 1400. In block 1402, a node may communicate with other nodes and/or the Cloud. If there is a period of time when a node has not communicated with other nodes or the Cloud, that node may be deemed to be unsuitable. Accordingly, in block 1406 the unsuitable node may be replaced as described previously with respect to FIG. 13.

In block 1404, a node may send to one or more nodes and/or the Cloud a status report. The status report may state, for example, the level of capabilities available to it. If the capabilities have degraded to a point below acceptable thresholds for a node, then the node may be replaced in block 1406. After replacement, the process may proceed to block 1408. If there has not been a status report that indicates that the node is unsuitable and if there has not been a timeout in communication with other nodes/Cloud, then the process may continue at block 1408 with monitoring each node.

Some simple flow diagrams have been described in FIGS. 11-14 for various example situations. Various embodiments of the disclosure may combine these flow diagrams as needed. One or more blocks of each flow diagram may be used with other flow diagrams or portions of other flow diagrams. For example, the flow diagram 1400 may be used in combination with the flow diagram 1200 and/or the flow diagram 1300, and the flow diagrams 1200 and 1300 may be used with the flow diagram 1100.

Also, it should be noted that these example flow diagrams do not disclose all embodiments of the disclosure, but, rather, some specific example cases.

Accordingly, it can be seen that the present disclosure provides for a method for providing data by a network of nodes in an area of interest, where the method includes covering the area of interest by nodes in the network of nodes. The covering may include assigning each of the nodes in the network of nodes to a specific region of the area of interest where the specific region is one of: an absolute region of the area of interest and a relative region with respect to other nodes, and collecting, by at least one node of the network of nodes, aggregate data that includes one or both of local data via its sensors, and external data. The external data may be from one or both of another node, and an external sensor not associated with the at least one node. The method may also include generating processed data from the aggregate data, for use by at least one of a plurality of entities, where the plurality of entities comprise at least the nodes and a Cloud server configured to communicate with at least one of the nodes. The method may also include replacing, when a first node in the network of nodes is no longer suitable, the first node with a second node, where the first node is no longer suitable due to one or more of not being able to collect the local data, not being able to receive the external data, and not being in the area of interest.

The method may also disclose where the local data are collected by a sensor associated with a vehicle, and where each of the nodes is one of a mobile node and a fixed node. The method may further disclose the processed data comprising one or more of: a map, statistics regarding the area of interest, and an event list. The processed data may be generated by one or both of the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes, and a Cloud server that is configured to communicate with the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes.

The method may also disclose placing the second node in the specific region of the first node when the second node replaces the first node. The replacing may be performed by one or both of a Cloud server that is configured to communicate with the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes, and one or more of the nodes in the network of nodes. When the second node is not available to replace the first node, the area of interest may be covered by adjusting coverage region for one or more of remaining nodes in the network of nodes.

The method may also include communicating, by at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes, its corresponding aggregate data to one or both of one or more of the other nodes in the network of nodes, and the Cloud server that is configured to communicate with the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes.

The present disclosure may also provide for a system for providing data by a network of nodes in an area of interest, where the system comprises a network of nodes configured to cover the area of interest. Each node in the network of nodes may be configured to cover a specific region of the area of interest, where the specific region is one of: an absolute region of the area of interest and a relative region with respect to other nodes, and each node of the network of nodes may be configured to aggregate data by collecting one or both of local data via its sensors and external data. The external data may be from one or both of another node and an external sensor not associated with the at least one node. One or both of at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes and a Cloud server configured to communicate with the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes may be configured to generate processed data using the aggregate data. The processed data may be for use by one or more of a plurality of entities, where the plurality of entities comprises at least the nodes and the Cloud server. When a first node in the network of nodes is no longer suitable, the first node may be replaced with a second node. The first node may no longer be suitable due to one or more of not being able to collect the local data, not being able to receive the external data, and not being in the area of interest.

The local data may be collected by a sensor associated with a vehicle. Each of the nodes may be one of: a mobile node and a fixed node. The processed data may comprise one or more of: a map, statistics regarding the area of interest, and an event list. The processed data may be generated by one or both of at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes and the Cloud server. Replacing the first node may comprise placing the second node in the specific region of the first node. The replacing may be performed by one or both of the Cloud server and one or more of the nodes in the network of nodes.

When the second node is not available to replace the first node, the area of interest may be covered by adjusting coverage region for one or more of remaining nodes in the network of nodes. At least one of the nodes in the network of nodes may be configured to communicate its corresponding aggregate data to one or both of one or more of other nodes in the network of nodes and the Cloud server. At least one of the nodes in the network of nodes may be configured to store at least a portion of the aggregate data.

In summary, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems and methods for supporting a network of mobile nodes, for example comprising a combination of mobile and stationary nodes. As a non-limiting example, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable communication network comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things). While the foregoing has been described with reference to certain aspects and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular example(s) disclosed, but that the disclosure will include all examples falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

What are claimed:
 1. A method for providing data by a network of nodes in an area of interest, comprising: covering the area of interest by nodes in the network of nodes, wherein covering comprises: assigning each of the nodes in the network of nodes to a specific region of the area of interest; and collecting, by at least one node of the network of nodes, aggregate data that is one or both of: local data via its sensors; and external data from one or both of: another node; and an external sensor not associated with the at least one node; generating, for use by at least one of a plurality of entities, processed data using the aggregate data, wherein the plurality of entities comprise at least the nodes and a Cloud server configured to communicate with at least one of the nodes; and replacing, when a first node in the network of nodes is no longer suitable, the first node with a second node, wherein the first node is no longer suitable due to one or more of: not being able to collect the local data, not being able to receive the external data, and not being in the area of interest.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the local data are collected by a sensor associated with a vehicle.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the each of the nodes is one of: a mobile node and a fixed node.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the processed data comprises one or more of: a map, statistics regarding the area of interest, and an event list.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the processed data is generated by one or both of: the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes, and the Cloud server.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific region is one of: an absolute region of the area of interest and a relative region with respect to other nodes.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein replacing is performed by one or both of: the Cloud server; and one or more of the nodes in the network of nodes.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein when the second node is not available to replace the first node, covering the area of interest by adjusting coverage region for one or more of remaining nodes in the network of nodes.
 9. The method of claim 1, comprising communicating by the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes its corresponding aggregate data to one or both of: one or more of other nodes in the network of nodes; and the Cloud server.
 10. The method of claim 1, comprising storing by at the least one of the nodes in the network of nodes at least a portion of the aggregate data.
 11. A system for providing data by a network of nodes in an area of interest, comprising: a network of nodes configured to cover the area of interest, wherein: each node in the network of nodes is configured to cover a specific region of the area of interest; the each node of the network of nodes is configured to aggregate data by collecting one or both of: local data via its sensors; and external data from one or both of: another node; and an external sensor not associated with the each node; one or both of at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes and a Cloud server, configured to communicate with the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes, are configured to generate processed data using the aggregate data, for use by at least one of a plurality of entities, wherein the plurality of entities comprise at least the nodes and the Cloud server; and when a first node in the network of nodes is no longer suitable, the first node is replaced with a second node, wherein the first node is no longer suitable due to one or more of: not being able to collect the local data, not being able to receive the external data, and not being in the area of interest.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the local data are collected by a sensor associated with a vehicle.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the each of the nodes is one of: a mobile node and a fixed node.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the processed data comprises one or more of: a map, statistics regarding the area of interest, and an event list.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the processed data is generated by one or both of: the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes, and the Cloud server.
 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the specific region is one of: an absolute region of the area of interest and a relative region with respect to other nodes.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein replacing is performed by one or both of: the Cloud server; and one or more of the nodes in the network of nodes.
 18. The system of claim 11, wherein when the second node is not available to replace the first node, the area of interest is covered by adjusting coverage region for one or more of remaining nodes in the network of nodes.
 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes is configured to communicate its corresponding aggregate data to one or both of: one or more of other nodes in the network of nodes; and the Cloud server.
 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the at least one of the nodes in the network of nodes is configured to store at least a portion of the aggregate data. 